• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.42-61
• /
• 2005

Objectives:The ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1, the major components of ginseng saponin, have neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects including promotion of neuronal survival and proliferation, facilitation of learning and memory, and protection from ischemic injury and apoptosis. In this study, to investigate the molecular basis of the effects of ginsenoside on neuron, we analyzed gene expression profiling of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells treated with ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1. Methods:SH-SY5Y cells were cultured and treated in triplicate with ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1($80{\mu}M$, $40{\mu}M$, $20{\mu}M$). The proliferation rates of SH-SY5Y cells were determined by MTT assay and microscopic examination. We used a high density cDNA microarray chip that contained 8K human genes to analyze the gene expression profiles in SH-SY5Y cells. We analyzed using the Significance Analysis of Microarray(SAM) method for identifying genes on a microarray with statistically significant changes in expression. Results:Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with $80{\mu}M$ ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1 for 36h showed maximal proliferation compared with other concentrations or control. The results of the microarray experiment yielded 96 genes were upregulated(${\geq}$3 fold) in Rg1 treated cells and 40 genes were up-regulated(${\geq}$2 fold) in Rb1 treated cells. Treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 for 36h induced the expression of some genes associated with protein biosynthesis, regulation of transcription or translation, cell proliferation and growth, neurogenesis and differentiation, regulation of cell cycle, energy transport and others. Genes associated with neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation such as SCG10 and MLP increased in ginsenoside Rg1 treated cells, but such changes did not occur in Rb1-group. Conclusion:Our data provide novel insights into the gene mechanisms involved in possible role for ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1 in mediating neuronal proliferation or cell viability, which can elicit distinct patterns of gene expression in neuronal cell line. Ginsenoside Rg1 have more broad and strong effects than ginsenoside Rb1 in gene expression and related cellular physiology. In addition, we suggest that SCG10 gene, which is known to be expressed in neuronal differentiation during development and neuronal regeneration during adulthood, may have a role in enhancement of activity dependent synaptic plasticity or cytoskeletal regulation following treatment of ginsenoside Rg1. Further, ginsenoside Rg1 may have a possible role in regeneration of injured neuron, promotion of memory, and prevention from aging or neuronal degeneration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.626-632
• /
• 2004

Of hot- water extracts prepared from 30 kinds of herbal medicines, Acanthopanax senticosus (75.6% inhibition of control), Atractylodes macrocephale (71.3%), Panax ginseng (70.0%), Glycyrrhiza uralensis (66.3%) and Angelica acutiloba (63.1%) showed the potent tumor metastasis inhibition activity against colon 26-M3.1 lung carcinoma at 2.5 mg/kg body weight, whereas the other extracts had a little activity, except for Pueraria thunbergiana (58.6%) and C. leticulata (54.9%) having the intermediate activity. We also found that Citrus leticulata (1.80-fold of control), A. macrocephale (1.73-fold), A. senticosus and G. uralensis (1.64-fold) enhanced on Peyer's patch cells mediated-hematopoietic response at 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. In addition, these active herbal medicines were prepared into steam distillates to improve the food rheology as beverage, and to remove the inactive components. Among these steam distillates, A. macrocephale, G. uralensis and A. senticosus showed the significant tumor metastasis inhibition activity at 2.5 mg/kg body weight (58.7%, 50.3% and 41.9%, respectively), and A. macrocephale had the potent activity even at 0,25 mg/kg body weight (49.7%). In treatments of steam distillates with Peyer's patch cells, A. macrocephale and A. senticosus significantly increased the bone marrow cell proliferation even at 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL (1.49- and 1.28-fold of control). Although steam distillates had lower activity than hot-water extracts, herbal medicines, such as A. macrocephale and A. senticosus, showed the high immunostimulating activity in hot-water extracts as well as steam distillates. Therefore, these results assumed the possibility that steam distillates from herbal medicines might be utilized to food industry for beverage.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.610-615
• /
• 1992

The difference in content and composition of total lipid, lipid fractions and fatty acids of perilla leaves being used fresh vegetable was investigated in relation to the color of undersurface, i.e. green perilla leaves(GPL) and violet perilla leaves(VPL), by column- and thin layer- and gas chromatography. Total lipid(TL) content was of little difference between green leaves(GPL) (5.24%dw) and violet one (VPL) (5.02%dw), while neutral lipid(NL) content was higher In VPL(36.4% of TL) than GPL(34.7%). The major components were sterol ester and hydrocarbons(58.5%) and trigylcerides(14.9%) in NL, $mono-(42{\sim}45%)$ and $di-(13{\sim}15%)$ galactosyl digylceride in glycolipids(GL) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine$(40{\sim}45%)$ and phosphatidyl glycerol(13%) in phospholipids(PL) for both GPL and VPL. The number of component was 10 in all three fractions. The similarity of component between GPL and VPL was in decreasing order of NL(r=1.00), GL(r=0.997) and PL(r= 0.968). Major fatty acids were linolenic $(62{\sim}64%)$, palmitic$(10{\sim}12%)$ and linolic$(9{\sim}10%)$ for TL, linolenic, palmitic, myristic(43, 15, 14%) for NL, linolenic, oleic, palmitic(79, 11, 8%) for GL and linolenic, linoleic, palmitic(36, 25, 23%) for PL. Unsaturated fatty acid percentage was higher only in GL of VPL than GPL. The similarity of fatty acid composition between GPL and VPL was least in PL and so it was among other fraction with PL.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.32 no.7
• /
• pp.1039-1045
• /
• 2003

Functional healthy drinks were processed with freeze dried powders of ethanol extract from of defatted safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) seed cake and some useful components of the drinks were investigated. Yield of freeze dried powder was the highest as 8.42% when it extracted with 60% ethanol (60% EFDP). Each drink contained 0.02% of freeze dried powder and ranged 10.6∼13.8% of soluble solid, 2.90∼3.68 of pH, 0.10∼0.83% of titratable acidity. ‘L’ value of drink-I (DSD-I) was the highest as 94.82$\pm$2.45, ‘b’ and ‘a’ value of drink-V (DSD-V) was highest as 27.15-2.65 and 28.67$\pm$2.69, respectively. Major free sugars of drink were 6015.3∼7918.2 mg% of glucose and 1511.4∼2091.0 mg% of sucrose. The content of citric acid was the highest as 179.2∼981.3 mg%. The content of total phenol in 60% EFDP was 99.17 mg% and that of drink-II(DSD-II) and DSD-V was 307.84 mg% and 224.06 mg%, respectively. Total flavonoid was contained as 50.29 mg% in 80% ethanol extract (80% EFDP) and 125.20 mg% in DSD-V. N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl) ethyl] ferulamide (serotonin-I) was determined as high as 18.81 ppm in 80% EFDP and ranged 2.42∼2.89 ppm in drinks. N-[2-(5-hydroxy-lH-indol-3yl)ethyl]-p-coumaramide (serotonin-II) was determined as 30.17 ppm in 80% EFDP and ranged 3.79∼4.59 ppm in drinks. Acacetin, flavonoid compound were 9.83 ppm in amyloglucosidase hydrosis + 60% ethanol extract (A + 60% EFDP) and ranged 0.98∼1.26 ppm in drinks. Electron donating ability (EDA, %) was measured and compared with 100 ppm BHA as chemical antioxidant. EDA was 93.97$\pm$2.21% in A+60% EFDP, 94.79$\pm$2.26% in DSD-I, 94.69$\pm$1.37% in DSD-II, and 93.83$\pm$1.49% in BHA. DSD-II added with hot water extract solution from Korean ginseng and safflower yellow pigment recorded the highest sensory score.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.199-210
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to develop functional sources of herbal cosmetics for treatment of skin aging and inflammatory disorders using volatile flavor extracts of four different herbal medicinal prescriptions including Cnidium officinale Makino (COM), Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN), Mentha arvense L. (MAL), Artemisiae argyi Folium (AAF), Paeonia lactiflora Pall (PLP), Rehmanniae Radix Preparata (RRP), Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG), Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (PGM), Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch (GUF). The volatile flavor extracts of four different herbal medicinal prescriptions (HH-1: COM, AGN, PLP, RRP, HH-2: COM, AGN, PLP, RRP, SBG, PGM, GUF, HH-3: COM, AGN, MAL, AAF, HH-4: COM, AGN, MAL, AAF, SBG, PGM, GUF) were extracted using SDE and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were measured by using DPPH radical and SLO, respectively. As a result, HH-2 showed moderate DPPH radical scavenging activity (68.24 %) and the strongest SLO inhibitory activity (83.96 %) at 100 ${\mu}g$/mL. Moreover, HH-2 of four different prescriptions significantly inhibited NO production on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner without considerable cell cytotoxicity at range of 2.0 ~ 50 ${\mu}g$/mL. Additionally, HH-2 also effectively suppressed the production of $PGE_2$ and IL-6, which are responsible for promoting the inflammatory process. Major volatile components of HH-2 were identified as eugenol, paeonol, butyl phthalide, ${\beta}$-eudesmol and butylidene dihydrophthalide by GC-MS analysis. Thus, these results suggest that HH-2 may be useful as a potential source of anti-inflammatory agents in herbal medicinal cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.141-151
• /
• 1979

To investigate the relationship between the effect of potassium basal and top dressing amount on rice plant under the limed condition, a pot experiment was conducted with Milyang 21, rice variety. Growing status, yield components and chemical component of rice, plant were determined and soils were analyzed along with the growing stages and obtained results are as follows. 1. Control treatment, without lime application shows a good vegetative growth as compared with lime treated one. However grain yield was higher in lime treated pot when potassium was applied as basal and top dressing. 2. There was no big difference between potassium applied and control treatment on growing status of nice plant until 20 days after transplanting. However in case of lime treated pot big difference were observed 20 days after transplanting resulting lower grain yield as compared with control treatment. This trend were severe in a lime treated treatment. 3. In control treatment, potassium basal dressing shows higher grain yield as increase the amount of basal dressing and the highest yield obtained in all basal potassium application treatment. However in case of lime treated pot when two-third of potassium were applied as basal dressing, potassium content of rice became lower at reproductive stage and resulted lower yield. When we applied all the potassium as a basal dressing, there were no differences as compared with control treatment in terms of grain yield. 4. The soil condition that affects potassium absorption disorder in rice plant such as unlimed condition, potassium application should be done as a basal dressing. However in limed condition that potassium absorption disorder occurs scarcely, and potassium content exists unsufficient amount in soil, large amount of potassium as basal dressing and the rest as top dressing are recommended. 5. The higher content of potassium in rice plant at the reproductive growing stage results heavier tillers as compared with lower one so that heavier tillers produce more grain yield. 6. At vigorous growing stage there was a positive correlation between electric conductivity of soil and amount of potasium absorbed by rice plant. This fact suggests that to obtain higher yield large amount of potassium top dressing at late of vegetative growing stage are necessary so that the content of potassium in rice plant will increase and results higher yield.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.333-343
• /
• 1984

This study was designed to elucidate the lipid and its fatty acid composition in various tissues of fresh water fishes. The free and bound lipids in meat, skin and viscera of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) were extracted with ethyl ether and the mixed solvent of chloroform-methanol-water (10/9/1, v/v). The free and bound lipids were fractionated into neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid by a silicic acid column chromatography using chloroform, acetone and methanol, respectively, and quantitatively analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and TLC scanner. The fatty acid compositions of polar ana nonpolar lipids in meat, and these of neutral lipid in various tissues were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography(GLC). The free lipid content in meat, skin and viscera was $6.22\%,\;9.95\%\;and\;9.76\%$, whereas the bound lipid content in those tissues was $10.01\%,\;3.56\%\;and\;7.36\%$, respectively. The neutral lipid contents in free lipid were ranged from $71.7\%$ to $89.4\%$, and $3{\sim}9$ times higher than those in bound lipid, while the phospholipid contents in bound lipid were ranged from $42.3\%$ to $63.2\%$, and $5{\sim}10$ times higher than those in free lipid. The neutral lipid was mainly consisted of triglyceride ($81.91{\sim}88.34\%$) in free lipid, and esterified sterol & hydrocarbon ($41.00{\sim}59.43\%$) in bound lipid. The phospholipid was mainly consisted of phosphatidyl ethanolamine($54.56{\sim}66.79\%$) and phosphatidyl choline ($21.88{\sim}34.28\%$) in free lipid, and phosphatidyl choline ($50.49{\sim}70.57\%$) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine ($15.74{\sim}24.92\%$) in bound lipid. The major fatty acids of polar lipid in free and bound lipids were $C_{16:0}\;(17.53\%,\;19.29\%)$, $C_{18:1}\;(24.57\%,\;16.08\%)$, $C_{18:2}\;(8.39\%,\;4.03\%)$, $C_{22:5}\;(1.68\%,\;8.08\%)$, and $C_{22:6}\;(6.22\%,\;13.60\%)$ and these of neutral lipid in free and bound lipids were $C_{16:0}\;(17.67\%,\;24.15\%)$, $C_{16:1}\;(12.81\%,\;5.52\%)$, $C_{18:1}\;(24.13\%,\;13.02\%)$, $C_{18:2}\;(15.47\%,\;8.68\%)$, $C_{22:5}\;(0.88\%,\;4.14\%)$ and $C_{22:6}\;(1.17\%,\;5.04\%)$, respectively. The unsaturations (TUFA/TSFA) of polar lipid in free and bound lipids were 2.02 and 2.74, and $1.5{\sim}2.0$ times higher than 1.51 and 1.23 of nonpolar lipid. In both polar and nonpolar lipids, w3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (w3HUFA) content of bound lipid was $2{\sim}5$ times higher than that of free lipid. The polyenoic acid contents such as $C_{20:5},\;C_{22:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ in bound lipid were $2{\sim}5$ times higher than these in free lipid. Consequently, there were significant difference between the lipid and its fatty acid composition in free and bound lipids and/or in various tissues.