• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.549-554
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• 2023

Korean ginseng has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine as an overall wellness supplement. Red ginseng (Ginseng Radix Rubra) is produced by steaming the roots, followed by drying. Soft red ginseng is produced using a new processing technology. This study investigated whether soft red ginseng differs from raw and hard red ginseng in its physicochemical composition. Results showed that the total phenol content of raw ginseng was 2.96 mg/g at 80℃ and 3.47 mg/g at 160 ℃. Meanwhile, the total phenols of hard and soft red ginseng were 4.12 mg/g and 4.18 mg/g at 160℃, respectively. The total phenol contents of raw, hard red, and soft red ginseng revealed a statistically significant difference (p>0.05). The total flavonoid contents of raw, hard red, and soft red ginseng were 2.62 mg/g, 3.97 mg/g, and 3.83 mg/g at 160℃, respectively. Among the three samples, soft red ginseng had the highest total sugar content at 160℃. The acidic polysaccharide contents of both soft and hard red ginseng were much higher than that of raw ginseng (49%-58%). Significant differences were observed among raw, hard red, and soft red ginseng (p<0.001). Soft red ginseng exhibited higher phenol content (25%), total flavonoid content (49%), and total sugar content (45%) than raw ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.48-56
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• 2008

Chronic ultraviolet (UV) exposure is the major cause of photoaging that causes skin wrinkling, roughness, dryness, laxity, and pigmentation. Recently, increasing efforts are being made to understand the relationship between foods and skin health. Ginsenosides are present in ginseng (Ginseng Radix Rubra) extract, and are known to have biomedical properties, such as, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated whether KTNG0345 prepared from red ginseng extracts delivered orally reduces skin wrinkling and ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced wrinkle formation in hairless mouse skin. KTNG0345 was administrated orally to the mice (5 times a week) during the period of UVB-irradiation (3 times a week) for 8 weeks at three different doses of 300 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg (w/v). UV doses were increased weekly by 1 MED (1MED = 75 $mJ/cm^2)$ up to 4 MED and then maintained at this level. After the 8-week administration period, it was found that orally administered KTNG0345 significantly inhibited UVB-induced wrinkle formation in a dose-dependent manner. Increases in skin thickness caused by UVB were prevented by KTNG0345. Moreover, it also significantly inhibited matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) -13 and MMP-9 expressional inductions by UVB. In addition, KTNG0345 was observed to prevent UVB-induced water loss of epidermis in hairless mouse skin. Our results demonstrate that orally administered KTNG0345 has anti-wrinkling effects in hairless mouse skin, and suggest that dietary red ginseng and herbal mixture may be considered a functional beauty food for preventing UVB-induced skin wrinkles.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.39-47
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• 2006

Objective : It has long been known about the anticancer effect of GRR-HAS, however, it has not been systemically determined the differentially regulated genes by GRR-HAS in cancer cells. The purpose of this study is to screen the GRR-HAS mediated differentially expressed genes in cancer cells such as SNU484 gastric cancer cell lines. Oligonucleotide microarray approache was employed to screen the differential expression genes. Methods : GRR-HAS was prepared by boiling and stored at $-70^{\circ}C$ until use. Cells were treated with various concentrations of GRR-HAS(0.1, 0.5, 1.5, 10, 20mg/ml) for 24 h. Cell toxicity was tested by MTT assay. To screen the differentially expressed genes in cancer cells, cells were treated with 1.5mg/ml of GRR-HAS. For oligonucleotide microarray assay, total RNA was used for gene expression analysis using oligonucleotide Genechip (Human genome Ul33 Plus 2.0., Affimatrix Co.). Results : It has no cytotoxic effects on both HepG2 and SNU484 cells in all concentrations(0.1, 0.5, 1.5, 10, 20mg/ml). In oligonucleotide microarray assay, in SNU484 cells, the number of more than twofold up-regulated genes was 346. The number of more than twofold down-regulated genes was 9. Discussion : This study showed the comprehensive gene expression analysis using oligonucleotide microarray for the screening of GRR-HAS mediated differentially regulated genes. These results will provide a better application of GRR-HAS in cancer field and drug target development.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.149-157
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• 2004

1. All the male students and female students who had taken these herb medicines showed a strong increase in immunity (P<0.01) and they were more effective to the male students (P<0.01) rather than the female students (P<0.05) (figure 1). Generally, immunity may be reduced at the time of fatigue and overwork but as these herb medicines have the effect of increasing immunity. Therefore, it is considered that they not only reduce the fatigue of human body but also heighten immunity against disease. 2. The students who had taken these herb medicines showed some reduction in Cortisol concentration in blood, which didn't show the difference of concentration up to statistical meaning compared to before taking the medicines (figure 2). Accordingly, it is regarded that these herb medicine drink restrained stress slightly. 3. The students who had taken these herb medicines showed some reduction in BUN concentration in blood, which didn't show the difference of concentration up to statistical meaning compared to before taking the medicines (figure 3). For the women, they restrained the toxicity of the kidneys just a little. Accordingly, it shows that these medicines are safe herb medicines without the toxicity of the kidneys. 4. The students who had taken these herb medicines didn't show the difference of concentration up to statistical meaning in sFOT and sGPT concentration in blood compared to taking them (figure $4{\sim}5$). Accordingly, it is suggested that these medicines are safe stuffs without the toxity of the liver. 5. Seven members of the university students answered to the questionaire that they were pleasant while taking the medicines and didn't feel fatigue. They answered very positively that they had better effects than before taking the medicines in many things (Refer to the Questionaire). However, one male student and two female students of them complained of temporary headache and indigestion for 2 days after taking these herb medicines but they said they had been taking cold medicines due to cold symptom before taking the medicines. Accordingly, it turns out that such temporary symptom is not irrelevant to these medicines. In conclusion, it is considered that these herb medicines have the effects of increasing immunity, restraining fatigue and stress through this clinical study carried out in simple way and that they are valuable as herb medicines without the toxity of the liver and kidneys.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.177-190
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• 2006

Objectives : It has long been known about the anticancer effect of GRR-HAS, however, it has not been systemically determined the differentially regulated genes by GRR-HAS in cancer cells. The purpose of this study is to screen the GRR-HAS mediated differentially expressed genes in cancer cells such as HepG2 hepatoma cell lines. Oligonucleotide microarray and proteomic approaches were employed to screen the differential expression genes. Methods : GRR~HAS was prepared by boiling and stored at $-70^{\circ}C$ until use. Cells were treated with various concentrations of GRR-HAS (0.1, 0.5, 1.5, 10, $20mg/m{\ell}$) for 24 h. Cell toxicity was tested by MTT assay. To screen the differentially expressed genes in cancer cells, cells were treated with $1.5mg/m{\ell}$ of GRR-HAS. For oligonucleotide microarray assay, total RNA was used for gene expression analysis using oligonucleotide genechip (Human genome Ul33 Plus 2.0., Affimatrix Co.). For proteomic analysis, total protein was analyzed by 2D gel electrophoresis and Q-TOF mass spectrometer. Results : It has no cytotoxic effects on both HepG2 cells in all concentrations(0.1, 0.5, 1.5, 10,$20mg/m{\ell}$). In oligonucleotide microarray assay, the number of more than twofold differentially regulated known genes was 320 with 6 up-regulated and 314 down-regulated genes in HepG2 cells. In proteomic analysis, three spots were identified by 2D-gel electrophoresis and Q-TOF analysis. One down -regulated protein was protein disulfide isomerase and up-regulated proteins were fatty acid binding protein 1 and 14-3-3 gan1lTIa protein by $1.5mg/m{\ell}$ of CRR-HAS. Discussion : This study showed the comprehensive gene expression analysis using oligonucleotide microarray for the screening of GRR-HAS mediated differentially regulated genes. These results will provide a better application of GRR-HAS in cancer field and drug target development.