• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 1992

This study investigated ginsenosides and tissue characteristics of roots injured by physiological disorder, rusty and rough skin. After separation to cortex and stele parts of healthy, rusty (red) and rough skin roots, respectively, the contents of saponin and ginsenosides were analyzed. And also, the histological and cytological characteristics of cortex and stele parts were investigated. Crude saponin contents were little different among healthy, rusty (red) and rough skin root and ginsenesides as - Rgl, - Re and - Rbl were largely detected both in stele and cortex part. The ratio of PT/PD showed about 1:1 in three kinds of root. In histological study, destoryed cells in epidermis of rusty(red) root, and those in epidermis and exodermis of rough skin root were observed. The cells in cortex of rusty (red) and rough skin root have generally nucleus with unfixed shape, unequal cell wall, large number of vacuole and mitochondris, and unidentified dark substances compared to healthy root. But in cell of stele tissue, most of organellE seems to be normal except a small number of cells in rough skin root.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of the content of soil chemical components and growth characteristics in six years old ginseng affected by application of decomposing plant residues in paddy-converted field. The results show that aerial parts of ginseng are no difference between press cake (PC) 200 kg/10a and control but subterranean parts of ginseng PC 200 kg/10a, especially quantity related root fresh weight and tap root diameter, are statically about 1.6 times heavier and about 1.2 times thicker than the ginseng control. Furthermore, the survival rate of PC 200 kg/10a is 67.1% rise significantly compare with the control 50.7%. But compared with the PC 200 kg/10a and the PC 400 kg/10a, ginseng root growth and survival rate of PC 400 kg/10a get worse and that increase physiological disorder occurrence rate than PC 200 kg/10a. Even though there are no significant differences between the ginseng of decomposing plant residues except press cake treatment and the ginseng of control in growth characteristics, it does tend to increase the survival rate and decrease the physiological disorder occurrence rate in most fertilizer treatment except for RSC 2 ton/10a, RSC 4 ton/10a and RH 4 kL/10a. Noted that EC is highly increased and exceeded 1.7 ds/m in RSC 2 ton/10a, RSC 4 ton/10a and RH 4kL/10a. It would be caused physiological disorder in many ways and affected ginseng growth characteristics, survival rate.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.446-453
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• 2015

Background : Excessively high concentration of sodium ion causednutrient deficiency and significantly decrease growth. This study was carried out to determine the limiting concentration range of sodium ion in the soil of ginseng field. Methods and Results : The growth of the ginseng cultivar Chunpoong reduced with increase in salinity, and the rate of growth reduction was higher in shoots than that of roots. Particularly, ginseng plants cultivated at high level of nitrate nitrogen or sodium may suffer delayed development and stunted growth. Chlorophyll damage occurred on the leaves of ginseng planted in relatively high levels (> $0.2cmol^+/kg$) of sodium ion, as determined by the fluorescence reaction. The incidence of physiological disorder in ginseng cultivated at 249 sites was correlated with the concentration of sodium ion in the soils. About 74% of ginseng fields in which physiological disorders occurred had concentrations of sodium ion in soil greater than $0.2cmol^+/kg$. In contrast, the concentration of sodium ions at 51 of 85 sites where no damage occurred was relatively ($0.05cmol^+/kg-0.15cmol^+/kg$). Conclusions : The concentration of sodium ion in soil of ginseng fields can be classified into three levels optimum (${\leq}0.15$), permissible allowance (0.15 - 0.2) and excessive (> 0.2).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.168-203
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• 1982

Effects of soil moisture on growth of Panax ginseng, of various factors on soil moisture, and of moisture on nutrition, quality, physiological disorder, diseases and insect damage were reviewed. Optimum soil moisture was 32% of field capacity with sand during seed dehiscence, and 55-65% for plant growth in the fields. Optimum soil moisture content for growth was higher for aerial part than for root and higher for width than for length. Soil factors for high yield in ginseng fields appeared to be organic matter, silt, clay, agreggation, and porosity that contributed more to water holding capacity than rain fall did, and to drainage. Most practices for field preparation aimed to control soil moisture rather than nutrients and pathogens. Light intensity was a primary factor affecting soil moisture content through evaporation. Straw mulching was best for the increase of soil moisture especially in rear side of bed. Translocation to aerial part was inhibited by water stress in order of Mg, p, Ca, N an Mn while accelerated in order of Fe, Zn and K. Most physiological disorders(leaf yellowing, early leaf fall, papery leaf spot, root reddening, root scab, root cracking, root dormancy) and quality factors were mainly related to water stress. Most critical diseases were due to stress, excess and variation of soil water, and heavy rain fall. The role of water should be studied in multidiciplinary, especially in physiology and pathology.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.439-444
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• 2009

This study was to set the guidelines of soil chemical components in order to assure the safety and quality of the panax ginseng from physiological disorder. The disorder symptoms appeared on the leaf with yellow spot, atrophy, yellow-brown spot, also showed red skin and rough skin of the root. Occurrence type of physiological disorder in cultivated field divided into two types : type I 'such as, yellow spot' consist of single disorder symptom; type II 'such as, yellow spot and yellow-brown spot' consist of two or more different disorder symptoms. The individual contribution of soil properties to the occurrence type was as follows ; The yellow spot was affected by Na > $NO_3$-N > salinity (EC) in soil. The same results was observed in red skin. Atrophy was affected by $NO_3$-N > salinity (EC) > Ca > Mg. Rough skin was affected by $P_2O_5$>pH>Organic material > K. It showed positive associated to $P_2O_5$, pH and K, but negative associated to organic matter. Simultaneous occurrence of two different disorder, including cases which yellow spot and yellow-brown spot, those were affected by $NO_3$-N > salinity (EC) > Na > Mg. In the case of atrophy plus yellow-brown spot, those also were affected by in the order : $NO_3$-N > salinity (EC) > Ca > Mg > Na. Red-rough skin was affected in the order : salinity (EC) > $NO_3$-N > K > Na. Soil chemical components appear to be related to occurrence of physiological disorder, particularly in salinity (EC) and $NO_3$-N. The salinity (EC) and $NO_3$-N were negative related to plant growth. In addition, exchangeable cation capacity play critical roles in attributing to complex occurrence of physiological disorder.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.104-120
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• 1980

The effects of temperature on transpiration, chlorophyll content, frequency and aperture of stomata, and leaf temperature of Panax ginseng were reviewed. Temperature changes of soil and air under spade roof were also reviewed. Growth responses of responses of ginseng plant at various temperature were assessed in relation to suseptibillity of ginseng plants. Reasonable management of ginseng fields was suggested based on the response of ginseng to various temperatures. Stomata frequency may be increased under high temperature during leaf$.$growing stage. Stomata aperture increased by high temperature but the increase of both frequency and aperture appears not enough for transpiration to overcome high temperature encountered during summer in most fields. Serial high temperature disorder, i.e high leaf temperature, chlorophyll loss, inhibition of photosynthesis, increased respiration and wilting might be alleviated by high humidity and abundant water supply to leaf. High air temperature which limits light transmission rate inside the shade roof, induces high soil temperature(optimum soil temperature 16∼18$^{\circ}C$) and both(especially the latter) are the principal factors to increase alternaria blight, anthracnose, early leaf fall, root rot and high missing rate of plant resulting in poor yield. High temperature disorder was lessen by abundant soil water(optimum 17∼21%) and could be decreased by lowering the content of availability of phosphorus and nitrogen in soil consequently resulting in less activity of microorganisms. Repeated plowing of fields during preparation seems to be effective for sterilization of pathogenic microoganisms by high soil temperature only on surface of soils. Low temperature damage appeared at thowing of soils and emergence stage of ginseng but reports were limited. Most limiting factor of yield appeared as physiological disorder and high pathogen activity due to high temperature during summer(about three months).

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.380-387
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of the content of soil chemical components and growth characteristics in five years old ginseng affected by application of manure in paddy-converted field. As all livestock manure regardless of kinds increased along with the whole soil chemical component, including the pH and EC in 2008. Change in the EC of control plot was slightly increased but not exceeded 1 ds/m over the years. However, the changes in the EC of livestock manure regardless of kinds and amounts were highly increased and irregularly exceeded 1.5 ds/m in 2012. The 5 years old ginseng root fresh weight, treatment of fertilizing pig manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (PMC 4t on/10a) and fowl manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (FMC 4 ton/10a), were superior to the others. But there were no difference between PMC 4 ton/10a, FMC 4 ton/10a and control. The standing crop rate 39.6%, treatment of fertilizing cattle manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (CMC 4 ton/10a), was best in all livestock manure. However that was relatively lower than control. Physiological disorder occurrence rates of livestock manure related with leaf and root of ginseng were also higher than that of control. If excessively using non-decomposed livestock manure, It would be caused physiological disorder in many ways. It is a big problem to be producing the quality ginseng. More research is needed to find out the economic and effective fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.240-247
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• 2018

Background: Saline soil has negative effects on the growth of most crops. Sodium is the main element that causes salt accumulation in soil. Organic materials such as cow and poultry manure, are frequently used during the preparation stage, which causes an increase in the rate of salt accumulation in the soil. Methods and Results: To investigate the influences of sodium on ginseng, $NaH_2PO_4$, $Na_2SO_4$, and NaCl were used to adjust the sodium concentrations at 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM in nutrient solution. In a 2-year-old ginseng, toxic symptoms appeared when the sodium treatment exceeded 50 mM. The sodium concentration in the leaves was 3.33%, which is more than twice as high as that of the control treated at 50 mM. As the sodium concentration increased, the root weight significantly decreased. In the 100 mM treatment, the weight decreased by 28% when compared to that of the control. The Amount of ginsenoside significantly increased with an increase in sodium concentrations. Conclusions: These results suggest that the growth of 2-year-old ginseng is negatively affected when sodium exceeds 50 mM. This result can be used for a as basis in diagnosing the physiological disorders of ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.238-243
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• 2017

Background: The production method of ginseng seedlings for ginseng cultivation is very important to ensure healthy rooting system as well as high quality, and yield of the resultant plants. This study was carried out to compare the growth characteristics of 2-year-old ginseng plants that were produced from seedlings grown in self soil nursery (SSN), nursery soil (NS) or hydroponic culture (HC). Methods and Results: The shading prop used was composed of four-layered 4 polyethylene (blue 3 + black 1) shade screen. The management of main field was done by inserting oil cake (1,200 kg/10 a) and then allowing Sudan grass to grow for a year. Seedling transplantation was carried out on April 6. Root growth was measured on October 25. Root weight was observed to be excellent at 6.0 g, following SSN transplantation. Root length was 21.2 cm for HC seedlings, but these plants had a physiological disorder (i.e., rusty root), in 83.5% plants of this treatment. The ratio of PD/PT (protopanaxadiol saponins / protopanaxatriol saponins) was higher in NS seedlings. Plant analysis revealed that Fe content was lower in HC seedlings with high rustiness. The growth of 2-years-old ginseng was different following these varying seedling cultivation methods, but seedlings from NS were not different from those grown in SSN. Conclusions: For the propagation of 2-year-old ginseng plants, NS seedlings may be a good substitute for SSN seedlings.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.175-182
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• 2017

Background: Ginseng is a perennial crop grown for more than four years in the same place. Therefore, it is highly affected by the soil environment, especially nutrients in the soil. The present study was carried out to investigate to the influence of boron and iron concentrations on the physiological status, growth, and mineral uptake of ginseng to obtain the basic information for diagnosing a physiological disorder in ginseng plants. Methods and Results: The boron and iron concentrations were controlled at 3, 30, 150, 300 and 2, 20, 100, $200mg/{\ell}$, respectively. When treated with $150mg/{\ell}$ of boron, the ginseng plants showed yellowing or necrosis symptoms at the edge or end of their leaves. Compared with the $3mg/{\ell}$ treatment, the root weight decreased by 13 and 24% in the 150 and $300mg/{\ell}$ treatments, respectively. When treated with $20mg/{\ell}$ of iron, the ginseng plants showed yellowing between the veins of the leaves followed by the formation of brown spots. The root weight gradually decreased with increasing iron concentration. Approximately 55% decrease in root weight was observed upon treatment with $200mg/{\ell}$ of iron. Conclusions: The boron toxicity occurs in the leaves of ginseng at the boron concentration of approximately 1,900 mg/kg or more. The iron toxicity occurs at the iron concentration of approximately 120 mg/kg for leaves and 270 mg/kg for roots.