• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.255-260
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of aboveground plants and red ginseng of polystem ginseng in 6 years of age having two or more stems in a plant. Total leaf weight and area of polystem ginseng were larger, while its stem diameter, and the leaf weight and area of the big­gest stem in each plant were decreased with increase the stem numbers in a plant. The ratio of shoot weight to root weight in the polystem ginseng with three or more stems was higher than that in the monos­tem ginseng and the polystem ginseng with two stems, In ginseng plants with no more than 2 stems, there were positive correlations between root weight and total leaf weight, and leaf area, but not between leaf weight and area of the biggest stem. Inner cavity and inner white, limiting factors for redginseng quality grade, occurred more in tri-stem ginseng than mono- and di-stem one. Percentages of Heaven (1st grade) and Earth (2nd grade) red ginseng in tri-stem ginseng were decreased compared with mono stem and di-stem ginseng.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.1981-1987
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• 2013

In order to use the excellent features of saponin and phenolic compounds in the leaf and fruit of ginseng, ginseng fruit Yakgwa (GFY), ginseng leaf Yakgwa (GLY) and ginseng root Yakgwa (GRY) were made via adding the fruit, leaf and root powder in the process of making Yakgwa, and the properties were investigated. When making Yakgwa, GFY and GLY had superior expansion compared to GRY. 2.5-GFY (added 2.5% ginseng fruit powder) and 2.5-GLY (added 2.5% ginseng leaf powder) increased about 1.68 times and had better expansion than the control; however, when more amount of fruit and leaf were added, the expansion was decreased. The GFY and GLY showed green and red color, and the brightness and yellowness were decreased. Oil absorption during making Yakgwa showed to increase as the amount of fruit and leaf powder were increased regardless of the ginseng parts. Hardness of Yakgwa increased as the root additives were increased, and it decreased when leaf and fruit were added. The results of sensory evaluation on ginseng-based Yakgwa showed that oily taste was lowered as the amount of fruit and leaf additives were increased, which had increased the preference. On the overall preference of Yakgwa, 5.0-GFY, 2.5-GLY and 7.5-GRY was high, which contained 2.30 mg/g, 1.02 mg/g, and 0.91 mg/g of saponin, respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 1982

To investigate the effect of light intensity on the growth of shoots and roots, water and chlorophyll contents in the ginseng leaf were determined at 5%, l0%, 20%, 30% light transmittance rate (LTR) with 1,2 and 4 year-old ginseng plants in the field. Stem length, size of the leaf, water and chlorophyll contents were decreased as the increase of the light intensity in all ages of ginseng plants. The degree of decrease was severe in the one year-old ginseng compared to that of 2, or 4 year-old ginseng, while there was no difference between the 2 and 4 year-old plants. Root weight per plant was highest at 5% LTR in the one year-old plants, while it was at 20% LTR in the 2 and 4 year-old plants. Generally, demand of light for the growth of one year-old ginseng was lower than those of 2 or 4 year-old plants there was no difference of it among the ginseng plants older than 2 years.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.81-84
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• 1979

Present studies were carried out to clarify the variation of agronomic characters of Panax ginseng (violet-stem variant and yellow-berry variant) and Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng). The variations of stem diameter. stem length, leaf width, root diameter. and root length of Panax quinquefolium were found to be more variable as compared with those of Panax ginseng. As for the variations of agronomic characters of Panax ginseng. violet-stem variant was more variable than yellow-berry variant. In Panax ginseng as well as Panax quinquefolium . the variability of stem length. leaf length, and root length was high. while the other agronomic characters showed comparatively low variability.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.122-122
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• 2003

Expressed sequence tags (EST) are help to quickly identify functions of expressed genes and to understand the complexity of gene expression. In order to analyze gene expression of the leaf development in Panax ginseng, which is one of the most important medicinal plant, expressed sequence tags (EST) analysis was carried out. We constructed a cDNA library using the immature leaf of Chunpoong. Partial sequences were obtained from 3,170 clones. The ESTs could be clustered into 1,624 (56.1%) non-redundant groups. Similarity search of the non-redundant ESTs against public non-redundant databases of both protein and DNA indicated that 1,137 groups show similarity to genes of known function. These ESTs clones were divided into sixteen categories depending upon gene function. Most abundant transcripts in immature ginseng leaf were photosynthesis related protein, such as chlorophyll a/b binding protein LHCII type I (128), chlorophyll a/b binding protein (53), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (41), and photosystem I psaH (26). The EST data from immature leaf generated in this study is useful in dissecting gene expression in leaf organ of ginseng.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1990.06a
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• pp.149-154
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• 1990

Various rates of 2, 4-2 were sprayed on 2 and 3 year old ginseng plants as fouler spray to define the critical concentration. No apparent plant injury was noticeable for those ginseng plants when application concentration of 2, 4-D doubled the recommended dosage (70 mil 10a). Neither abnormal fouler change occurred nor any inhibition in leaf and stem growth was resulted for the plants treated with 2, 4-D concentrated two times of the recommended dosage. When the rates of 2, 4-D application were increased greater than this level, injury ratings increased linearly with the rates of 2, 4-D application and plant growth was inhibited. Ethylene gas was not produced from the ginseng plant treated with 2 times concentrated 2, 4-D, how- ever the ginseng plants produced 0.03 to 0.09 ppd ethylene gas when the rate of application were increased 3 and 4 times, respectively. On the other hand the soybean treated with the recommended amount of 2i-D produced ethylene gas of 10-20 times higher compared with ginseng plants and died. Photosynthesis ability of the ginseng leaf was significantly decreased by 2, 4.D fouler application but it was recovered 4 weeks after 2, 4-D fouler treatment. The herbicide 2, 4-D was appreciated to 2, 3 and 4 years old ginseng plants as fouler spray with the rates of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times of the recommended dosage to define the effects of 2, 4-D on the plant growth and root yield of the ginseng, There were no significant differences in the leaf and stem growth between untreated and 2, 4-D treated plant. Berry maturing of 3 and 4 year old ginseng was not influenced by 2, 4-D. The root weight of 4 years old ginseng plant was not reduced b). application of 2, 4-D concentrated 2 times of the recommended dosage. Application time of the herbicide 2, 4-D had no effects on the leaf or stem growth of 2, 3 and 4 year old year old ginseng plants. When the ginseng seedling was treated with 2, 4-D, detrimental phenomena as stem bending and deceleration of seedling leaf margin occurred, but stem bending was recovere d in a few day.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.335-339
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate effects of fat-soluble solvents on the purification against nan-saponin substances such as chlorophylls and other pigments and on the yields of saponins in separating saponins from ginseng root, leaf and stem. Ginseng root saponins were effectively purified by various fat-soluble solvents while ginseng leaf stem saponins were by chloroform. And alternative extractions of ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, chloroform and benzene there more effective for ginseng leaf stem saponins than that by any single solvent. Contents of crude saponin fractions and total ginsenosides in ginseng leaf were $18.5{\sim}19.5%\;and\;10.8{\sim}11.4%$, which were very high compared with $4.6{\sim}5.1%\;and\;2.0{\sim}2.6%$ in ginseng root or $2.2{\sim}2.5%\;and\;0.63{\sim}0.67%$ in ginseng stem. Therefore, ginseng leaf is good resources for total saponin or $ginsenosides-Rg_1,\;.Re,\;-Rc,\;-Rd,\;-Rb_2\;and\;-Rf$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 1985

This study was carried out to develope the equations for estimating the areas of leaflet, leaf, and total leaf for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 years old ginseng, Panax ginseng, grown in field. The highest correlation coefficient was found between leaflet area and product of leaflet length and width(LW) in all leaflets although leaflet shape varied somewhat according to the position and plant age. It was possible to estimate area of the leaf, and total leaf by one central leaflet in a compound leaf. The equations for estimating the leafet, leaf areas of 1 year differ to those of over 2 years old plant, but there was no difference among those of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 years. The equations for 1 year old are A =0.64 LW, A' =A/0.38, and for 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 years old, A =0.60 LW, A' =A/0.32, A" =A' x number of leaves of central leaflet(A), leaf(A') and total leaf areas(A"), respectively. The estimation of leaflet, leaf, total leaf areas of ginseng plant grown under 20% light-transmittance rate was possible by using the equations mentioned.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.96-100
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• 1996

In this experiment, germination test of ginseng seed and growth test of two year old ginseng in soil incorporated with quinclorac (3,7-Dichloro-8-quinoline carboxylic acid) were conducted to evaluate phytotoxicity caused by quinclorac residue in soil. Ginseng seed germiilation was hardly affected, but growth of ginseng seedling was retarded by quinclorac. The phytotoxicity of quinclorac on ginseng seedling was expressed at the lowest level tested, 3.75 g a.i./10a (118 of recommended rate for rice cultivation). The representative phytotoxicity in ginseng were decreased root weight, shortened leaf width and leaf length, and weak lateral root Quinclorac residue decreased by 1/4 in pot soil after 2 months and below 2 ppm in the paddy soil applied at usual rate (30 g a.i./10a) after 1∼ 2 years. Below 2 ppd ginseng did not show any phytotoxicity symptom.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.244-247
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• 2010

It's crucial to control Alternaria blight and Anthracnose emerging mostly on ginseng leaves during the rainy season to increase the organic ginseng products. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficay of lime-brodeaux spray on the ginseng leaves and evaluate the growth and yield of the ginseng, and the contents of ginsenoside and 70% ethanol extracts from 3-year-old ginseng variety, Cheonpoong. Lime-bordeaux sprayings were conducted in the ratio of 6-6 in June, 8-8 from July to September every 15 days. After June 10, the spraying have no effects on the growth leaf and stem, and there was no significant increase in chlorophyll contents. The ratio of intact leaf and root were distinctly increased because Alternaria blight and Anthracnose were decreased by spraying lime-bordeaux mixture. Root weight per plant and root yield were increased by 15%, and 62% in 3-year old ginseng, respectively, because the ratio of intact leaf and root were higher by using lime-bordeaux mixture. Furthermore, spraying of lime-bordeaux mixture is prone to increase the ratio of rusty root in ginseng. Spraying of lime-bordeaux mixture decreased both of the contents of ginsenoside and 70% ethanol extract by 13.7%, and 15.2% in 3-year-old ginseng, respectively.