• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 2009

For many years, intermaxillary fixation using arch bar has been operated in treatment of mandibular fracture patients. But it has many complications including injury of operators and assistants cause by wire, inflammation of periodontium. For that reasons alternatives are required; osteosynthesis technique using mini plate, intermaxillary fixation using IMF screws have been available. Treatment by arch bar fixation, however, is still valuable to treat craniomaxillary fracture patients. The purpose of this study is to know effect arch bar on periodontium and influence gingival gel on periodontium applied by arch bar. 40 mandibular fracture patients are monitored. 30 patients were applied by arch bar, 10 patients were not. And the former were classified by 3 categories; Nano vitamin and Mastic gel were applied to 10 patients respectively and any gingival gel was not used to 10 patients. Clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing and periodontal depth of each group were measured and compared before operation and on 2 weeks and 6 weeks after operation. Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze result which leads to this conclusion. 1. Whether arch bar is applied or not, treatment of mandlbular fracture gave rise to gingivitis, but 6 weeks after operation, gingivitis is restored to the same level as the state before operation. 2. More severe gingivitis appeared when arch bar is applied to mandibular fracture than when it is not. 3. Both gingival gel used in this study can reduce gingivitis which can be caused by arch bar. 4. In this study, Mastic gel is more effective for prevent gingival inflammation cause by arch bar than nano vitamin. In regard to this result, gingivitis is considered to be available because it is reversible and does not induce periodontal disease. Gingival gel is regarded to be helpful for patients applied by arch bar to feel less discomfort.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.319-326
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• 2018

Although scaling is the primary method for improving oral health, it is also associated with dental fear. The objective of this study was to empirically verify whether the use of gel anesthetic within the gingival sulcus during scaling relieves pain and improves other factors. A total of 128 patients scheduled to undergo scaling at a dental clinic of a general hospital located in the Gyeonggi Province, between July 2014 and July 2015, were enrolled in the study. The participants underwent scaling following the application of 20% benzocaine gel or placebo gel anesthetic within the gingival sulcus, and the data was collected using a questionnaire. There was a significant difference in the severity of pain, participant satisfaction, perceived sensitivity, overall discomfort, and fear of scaling between the two groups. The two groups were compared in terms of perceived need for gel anesthesia, willingness to pay for anesthesia costs, and willingness to receive scaling in the future. There were significant differences in all the three parameters depending on whether gel anesthesia was used or not. There were significant differences between the two groups in perceived sensitivity immediately after scaling and one day after scaling, with no difference seen one week after scaling. With regards to overall discomfort over time, there were significant differences between the two groups immediately after scaling. Based on these findings, we expect that application of gel anesthetic within the gingival sulcus during scaling will reduce pain, perceived sensitivity, overall discomfort, and fear of scaling with increased satisfaction.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.3 s.50
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• pp.235-245
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• 1995

The purpose of this paper is to review two recently reported, long-term studies of several chemical methods to control gingivitis and decalcification in adolescent orthodontic patients. The first study(gingivitis study) was designed to determine whether conventional toothbrushing and twice daily use of a brush-on 0.4 per cent $SnF_2$ gel containing more than 90 per cent available $Sn^{2+}$ would be more effective for controlling plaque accumulation and gingivitis in the presence of orthodontic appliances than conventional toothbrushing alone. The second study(decalcification study) was designed to compare the effectiveness of controlling decalcification in orthodontic patients with either a II00 ppm F tooth paste used alone, this same toothpaste and a 0.05 percent NaF rinse or this toothpaste and a 0.4 percent $SnF_2$ gel. In the gingivitis study, sixty-five consecutively treated adolescents who were to receive full-mouth fixed orthodontic appliances were assigned to two groups according to age and sex criteria. In the decalcification study an additional 30 subjects(95 total) were similarly assigned to a third group. The first group(control, n=35) used only toothbrushing with a standard fluoride(1100 ppm F) toothpaste. The second group used toothbrushing with a similar dentifrice supplemented with a 0.4 percent $SnF_2$ gel($SnF_2$ gel group, n=30) used twice daily for the entire 18-month study period. The third group(in the decalcification study only) used a similar toothpaste and 0.05 percent NaF rinse(NgF rinse group, n=30). Clinical assessments of plaque accumulation using the Plaque Index, gingival inflammation using the Gingival Index, and coronal staining were completed single-blinded before appliances were placed and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months after appliances were placed. Decalcification was assessed single blind on all labial surfaces of all erupted teeth before appliances were placed and 3 months after appliances were removed. The results of the gingivitis study indicated that the $SnF_2$ gel gorup had significantly lower scores for the Plaque Index(p<0.01) and Gingival Index(p<0.001) at all examinations during orthodontic treatment than did the control group. In the $SnF_2$ gel group, one subject developed mild coronal staining and two subjects developed moderate staining. In the decalcification study, when pre-treatment levels of decalcification were subtracted from post-treatment values, significantly lower decalcification scores(p<0.05) were found for both whole mouth and first molars in the NaF rinse and gel groups as compared with the control gorup(toothpaste alone). Although the gel group consistently had less decalcification than the rinse group, this difference only approached statistical significance.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.118.1-118.1
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• 1988

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5535-5538
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• 2012

Background: There have been case reports of oral squamous cell carcinoma arising from gingival overgrowth induced by phenytoin - an antiepileptic drug. However, a detailed analysis for the presence of mutations in p53 and ras genes, which are the two most frequently mutated genes in cancers, in phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth tissues has hitherto not been performed. Methods: Cellular DNA isolated from twenty gingival overgrowth tissues collected from patients undergoing phenytoin therapy were amplified using primers for p53 (exons 5-8) and H-ras (exons 1-2) genes. The PCR amplicons were then gel purified and subjected to direct sequencing analysis to screen for mutations. Results: Direct sequencing of twenty samples of phenytoin induced gingival growth did not identify mutations in any of the exons of p53 and H-ras genes that were analyzed. Conclusion: Our result indicates that mutational alteration of p53 and H-ras genes is infrequent in phenytoin induced gingival growth, which thus suggests a non malignant nature of this pathology. The findings in the present study are clinically significant as a large number of epileptic patients are treated with phenytoin.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.694-700
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• 2007

It is a gel type high functional toothpaste containing vitamin C, E, propolis extract and the rest of herb with a nanoemulsion state. Vitamin C, E is known as the material with an eminent anti-oxidation effect. Propolis is known as the material with an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect. We have been succeeding in making nanoemulsion of vitamin C, E and propolis through the high pressure homogenizer using stable oil and lecithin and the gel type high functional tooth paste were made from nanoemulsion of vitamin C, E and propolis. We observed the process of wound protecting effect and cure effect for a wound of soft tissue, gingival tissue and mucous membrane showing ulcer and inflammation in oral cavity after applying a gel type high functional toothpaste to patient. As a result, the wound were healed very fast and any side effects were not shown. We confirmed that a gel type high functional toothpaste with nanoemulsion of vitamin C, E and propolis extract has good effect not only for wound healing but also for treatment of ulcer-like lesion in oral cavity. So we report our cases with review of literatures.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.121-129
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• 2013

Purpose: The present study has two aims; firstly, it attempts to verify the presence of oxidative stress by estimating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in periodontal pockets ${\geq}5$ mm as compared to controls. The second aim is to evaluate the effect of lycopene as a locally delivered antioxidant gel on periodontal health and on the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of oxidative injury. Methods: Thirty-one subjects participated in this study. In the pretreatment phase, the ROS levels in pockets ${\geq}5$ mm were measured by flow cytometry. Three sites in each subject were randomly assigned into each of the following experimental groups: sham group, only scaling and root planing (SRP) was done; placebo group, local delivery of placebo gel after SRP; and lycopene group, local delivery of lycopene gel after SRP. Clinical parameters included recording site-specific measures of GCF 8-OHdG, plaque, gingivitis, probing depth, and clinical attachment level. Results: The gel, when delivered to the sites with oxidative stress, was effective in increasing clinical attachment and in reducing gingival inflammation, probing depth, and 8-OHdG levels as compared to the placebo and sham sites. Conclusions: From this trial conducted over a period of 6 months, it was found that locally delivered lycopene seems to be effective in reducing the measures of oxidative stress and periodontal disease.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.433-440
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• 1994

The purpose of this investigation was to study the efficacy and safety of 6% hydrogen peroxide gel as a daily home tooth bleaching gel. The subjects consisted of 20 male dental students representing a variety of acquired stain and each subject participated for a 4-week period. Tooth color analysis(Shade determination), sulcus bleeding index, probing depth and probing attachment level were done and recorded at baseline and at the end of each week of study. The results indicated that home bleaching gel containing 6% hydrogen peroxide was effective and caused no gingival inflammation. Sulcus bleeding index, probing depth and probing attachment level showed no change. In conclusion, 6% hydrogen peroxide gel is an effective and safe agent for daily home tooth bleaching.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.647-658
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of 5% tetracycline(Tc) gel on healing of gingival tissue and change of diseased root surface when used with nonsurgical procedure. 7 patients with advanced periodontitis were received thorough scaling and root planning, followed by saline irrigation on 10 randomly selected control teeth and Tc gel application for 5 minutes with specifically designed plastic instrument of 10 test teeth in contralateral side. At 0, 1, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment, biopsy and extraction were carried out. At day 7, Tc group showed decreased inflammation and delayed proliferation of pocket epithelium in comparison with control group which was continued for all experimental days. Scanning electron microscopic finding revealed demineralized and cleaned root surface with exposed dentinal tubules in Tc gel group. In the present study, clinically successful result is expected with combined use of nonsurgical periodontal therapy and intrapocket application of Tc gel.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.2743-2746
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• 2013

Background: Dilantin sodium (phenytoin) is an antiepileptic drug, which is routinely used to control generalized tonic clonic seizure and partial seizure episodes. A few case reports of oral squamous cell carcinomas arising from regions of phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth (GO), and overexpression of mitogenic factors and p53 have presented this condition as a pathology with potential to transform into malignancy. We recently investigated the genetic status of p53 and H-ras, which are known to be frequently mutated in Indian oral carcinomas in GO tissues and found them to only contain wild type sequences, which suggested a non-neoplastic nature of phenytoin induced GO. However, besides p53 and H-ras, other oncogenes and tumor suppressors such as PIK3CA, p14ARF, p16INK4a and $p21^{Waf1/Cip1}$, are frequently altered in oral squamous cell carcinoma, and hence are required to be analyzed in phenytoin induced GO tissues to be affirmative of its non-neoplastic nature. Methods: 100ng of chromosomal DNA isolated from twenty gingival overgrowth tissues were amplified with primers for exons 9 and 20 of PIK3CA, exons $1{\alpha}$, $1{\beta}$ and 2 of p16INK4a and p14ARF, and exon 2 of $p21^{Waf1/Cip1}$, in independent reactions. PCR amplicons were subsequently gel purified and eluted products were sequenced. Results: Sequencing analysis of the twenty samples of phenytoin induced gingival growth showed no mutations in the analyzed exons of PIK3CA, p14ARF, p16INK4a and $p21^{Waf1/Cip1}$. Conclusion: The present data indicate that the mutational alterations of genes, PIK3CA, p14ARF, p16INK4a and $p21^{Waf1/Cip1}$ that are frequently mutated in oral squamous cell carcinomas are rare in phenytoin induced gingival growth. Thus the findings provide further evidence that phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth as a non-neoplastic lesion, which may be considered as clinically significant given the fact that the epileptic patients are routinely administered with phenytoin for the rest of their lives to control seizure episodes.