• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.103-115
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• 1992

This dissertation, which has been prepared in the region of cheju(33o31'N, 126o32'E) from may,1987 to appril, 1989, is to elucidate the dominant characteristics of early stages in secondary succession, by examining the life history of erigeron annuus for the seeding depth of a seed was dependent upon the degree of shading. That is, on the area of ocm,the more tense the shading was, the more germination percentage was increased, while, in the case of 1.5cm, it was somewhat increased, when shading bwcame ess and less tense. The rosette of e. annuus, through its relative light intensity was decreased by shading, up to 5% of natural light, showed some strong shade tolerance, which had no difficulty in matter production. The species diversity of mixed-species community was the highest in the middle of April, the lowest in the last of may. The dominance index was the highest in the late may, the lowest in the middle of April. Toward the end of may, the occupation rate of dominance species was the highest. There was a neutral relationship between intraspecific and interspecific, owing to the differentiation of its niche, temporally and spatially. Productive structure of the community revealed a narrow leaf type which was concentratively distributed in the mid part of community height. The relative light intensity of community ground surface was 6.1%, the leaf inclination 60o,the extinction coefficient(k) 0.4, biomass of community 1,045.6 g.d.w./m2,T/Rratio 9.3, C/Frate 7.0 and sumgermanition, shade toarance and community characteristics on erigeron annuus l.in chejumed leaf area index 3.88. through the various life cycles o e.annuus, we can say that it decreases mortality of seeding caused by some stress and disturbance, for germination lasts for a long time at any opportunity available, and it promotes population growth. The strong shade tolerance of a rosette and the variableness of a life from differentiate the niche between intraspecific and interspecific within the community, and avoid the direct competition between them, thus poromoting community growth.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.760-767
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• 2016

Food waste (FW) has been recognized as a critical problem in Korea and many research was conducted to efficiently utilize or treat FW. Main purpose of this research was to evaluate a feasibility for producing fermented organic fertilizer with vegetable waste (VW). Three different organic materials (saw dust, coco peat, and waste mushroom media) were mixed with VW at the rate of 30, 40, 50% respectively. Total days of composting experiment were 35 days and each sub samples were collected at every 5 days from starting of composting. Result showed that inner temperature of composting was increased to $60{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ within 5~10 days depending on varied organic materials and mixing ratio. Among different treatment, the highest increase of inner temperature was observed when 30% of saw dust was mixed with VW. After finishing composting experiment, maturity of each compost was evaluated with solvita and germination test. Maturity index (MI) of each treatment was ranged between 5~7 indicating that manufactured fertilizer was curing or finished stage. Calculated germination index (GI) was at the range of 57.83~101.16 depending on organic materials and mixing ratio. Both MI and GI showed that manufactured fertilizer was met for fertilizer criteria while control (VW only) was not adequate for composting. Overall, VW can be utilized for making organic fertilizer mixing with saw dust, coco peat and more research should be conducted to make high quality of organic fertilizer with vegetable waste.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.623-633
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• 2017

Food waste has been recognized as a organic sources for composting and many research was conducted to efficiently utilize or treat. This study was to evaluate a feasibility for producing food waste compost under co-composting with mixture of food and animal waste. The mixing ratio of food and animal waste was 35% as main material, which additionally mixed 30% of sawdust for co-composting. Total days of composting experiment were 84 days and each sub samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Results showed that inner temperature in composting was rapidly increased to $70{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ within 3~5 days depending on mixing animal waste of cattle, pig, and chicken base compared to sole food waste base. Expecially, the CN ratio in the mixture of food and pig water was the highest (16.2) among compost. After finishing composting experiment, maturity was evaluated with solvita and germination test. Maturity index (MI) of the mixture of food and animal waste was ranged between 6~7, but was 3 in sole food waste. Calculated germination index (GI) was at the range of about 100 irrespectively of mixing of food and animal waste. However, NaCl content and heavy metal as Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents was increased in the mixture of food and animal waste. which was the highest in compost mixed the food and pig waste. Both MI and GI showed that manufactured fertilizer was suitable for fertilizer criteria while sole food waste was not adequate for composting due to composting periods. Overall, mixing the food and animal waste can be utilized for improving compost maturity, but more research should be conducted to make high quality of food waste compost with animal waste in agricultural fields.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.588-597
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• 2017

Food waste has been recognized as a critical problem in Korea and many research was conducted to efficiently reutilize or treat food waste. Main purpose of this research was to evaluate a feasibility for producing fermented organic fertilizer with mixture of earthworm cast (EC). Four different treatments were mixed with food waste and EC at the rate of 0, 10, 20, and 30%, respectively. Total days of composting experiment were 84 days and each sub samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Results showed that inner temperature in composting was increased to $70{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ within 5~10 days depending on mixing ratio of EC. Among different treatment, the highest increase of inner temperature was observed in treatment mixed with food waste and EC 30%. After finishing composting experiment, maturity was evaluated with solvita and germination test. Maturity index (MI) of each treatment was ranged between 5~7 indicating that manufactured fertilizer was curing or finished stage. Calculated germination index (GI) was at the range of 104~116 depending on mixing ratio of EC. Both MI and GI showed that manufactured fertilizer was suitable for fertilizer criteria while control (FW only) was not adequate for composting. Overall, earthworm cast can be utilized for improving compost maturity by mixing with food waste and more research should be conducted to make high quality of food waste compost with earthworm cast in agricultural fields.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.247-250
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• 2019

Wheat is one of the most important grains. Its consumption is increasing globally. Many countries are making efforts to increase the extent of wheat harvest. It is known that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) have beneficial effects on various plants. Two PGPRs including Paenibacillus pabuli strain P7S (PP7S) and Pseudomonas nitroreducens strain IHB (PnIHB) were employed to investigate effects of PGPRs on early growth of three wheat cultivars (Koso, Seakumkang, and Jokyung). While PP7S had adverse effects on Seakumkang and Jokyung, PP7S had positive effects on Koso except root length compared to control group having no treatment of PP7S. However, all treatments with PnIHB had adverse effects on germination rate, root/shoot lengths, vigor index, and dry root/shoot weights of all three wheat cultivars. These positive effects with PP7S on Koso might be related to the earlier emergence of wheat seed above soil which is known to be an indicator of increased yield. Results of the present study suggest that if proper PGPR strains are selected, they could have positive effects on early growth rate of a wheat cultivar.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.156-160
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 발아력향상을 위해 담배품종 Nicotiana tabacum cv. KF109와 cv. KB108 종자에 종자전처리방법 중 하나인 solid matrix priming (SMP)처리를 하여 전처리효과를 알아보고 전처리과정 중 담배종자 발아시 에너지원으로 사용되는 지방산의 함량 변화를 조사한 결과 아래와 같다. 1. 발아시험결과 전처리에 의한 처리간 발아율 차이는 보이지 않았으나, 발아세, T50은 KF109의 경우 9일처리, KB108의 경우 7일처리에서 가장 높았다. 2. 종자내 지방산을 분석한 결과 처리기간동안 함량의 변화가 큰 지방산의 종류는 palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid+elaidic acid, linoleic acid+linolelaidic acid, $\alpha-linolenic$ acid였다. 3. 지방산 종류에 따라 다소 차이가 있으나 각 지방산의 함량은 KF109의 경우 8일 또는 9일에서, KB108의 경우 6일 또는 7일까지 증가하였가 이후 감소하였다. 4. 특히 지방산 중 oleic acid+elaidic acid와 linoleic acid+linolelaidic acid 함량의 변화가 가장 컸으며 다른 지방산에 비하여 함량도 높았는데 KF109와 KB108품종의 경우 8일과 6일처리까지 각각 증가하여 최고에 이른 후 급격히 감소하는 결과를 보여 종자전처리 진행과정을 확인하는 데에 이용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.30-37
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• 2015

동절기에 폭설 등의 기상변화로 인해 제설제의 사용이 증가하고 있고, 교통사고의 예방과 인적 손실을 최소화하기 위해 이용된다. 제설제의 주성분으로는 염화칼슘과 염화나트륨이 있다. 최근에 수질오염, 농업생산성 감소 등의 염화물계 제설제의 부작용을 저감하기 위해 대체 제설제에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 본 연구는 밀, 보리, 시금치에 대해 PC-10과 EFD-1 제설제의 영향을 조사하였다. PC-10과 EFD-1 제설제를 사용하여 보리, 밀, 시금치의 성장과 발아, 생체량을 조사하였다. EFD-1은 조사작물에 대해 PC-10 보다 발아억제가 더 강하였다. 제설제 영향에 대한 관능조사에서 시금치는 다른 작물에 비해 크게 영향을 받지 않았다. 토양 내 제설제 잔류조건에서 EFD-1은 PC-10에 비해 발아억제효과가 높았다. 조사작물의 줄기 및 뿌리 생장은 EFD-1처리구보다 PC-10 처리구가 대조구와 비교하였을 때 상대적으로 양호하였다. 제설제의 처리구는 생체량 측정에서 조사작물 모두에서 대조구에 비해 낮았으며, 2% 이상의 처리농도에서 PC-10은 23-35%, EFD-1은 39-84%의 생체량 감소를 보였다. 이상의 결과들은 대체제설제인 PC-10이 EFD-1 비해 조사작물들의 발아, 생장, 생체량 감소에 영향을 덜 주는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.303-312
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• 2014

As for chemical characteristics of cultivated media waste, the total content of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potassium was 6.93%; organic matter content was 67.78%; pH and EC were 7.20 and 1.46 ds/m, respectively. Organic acids identified during stabilization included citric acid, oxalic acid, fumaric acid, and acetic acid, which was highest. During the stabilization of cultivated media waste, temperature decreased and pH increased on the 15th day, and the germination index was 88 after the period, indicating that at least 15 days of stabilization is needed when cultivated media waste is used for growth material of crop. As for germination characteristics, when the mixture rate of cultivated media waste was 20% and under, germination of cucumber and oriental melon was favorable without difference compared to the control plots. For lettuce and Chinese cabbage, no statistically significant difference was found when the rate was 10% and under compared to the control plots. As for seedling quality after 20 days of sowing, cucumber, oriental melon, and Chinese cabbage showed favorable growth only when the mixture rate of cultivated media waste was 10% and under; lettuce showed lower growth characteristics regardless of mixture rate when compared to the control plots. Cultivated media waste may be significantly useful for cucumber and oriental melon, but not for Chinese cabbage and lettuce.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.69-77
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• 1999

Secondary vegetation. the holistically integrated system of nature and human being, is the complicated ecosystem that is composed of natural and man-created factors. Understanding the ecological function of secondary vegetation supplies us many important informations for sustainable landscape management and ecological restoration planning. In this research, we tried to examine the shape effect of vegetation patch on early structure of populations of pine and oaks. Moreover. we also tried to clarify the ecological functions of patch edge by exploring the patch effect on germination using patch index. In addition, we present the landscape structure of man -made vegetation of our study area, and setting experimental design of research. Vegetation landscape of study area is typical human disturbed landscape mainly composed of disturbance patches. Vegetation types of graveyard and managed pine forest were controlled by periodically repeated management. However, current seedlings of pine occurred well at both vegetation types. Presence of both saplings were more controlled in managed pine forest (PDM) and graveyard (G) than those of undergrowth (PD) and forest edge (FE) with canopy trees. The number of pine seedlings increased with patch size and patch perimeter. That of oak seedlings was, however, not significantly different. Larger graveyards provided higher light availability for germination of pine seedlings. We think, however, most seedlings of both species in the large sized graveyards without shade will die more easily than that of small sized ones before rainy summer. Relationships between patch shape and germination of two woody species cannot be exactly explained enough yet in these results. More informations on spatial interaction of the total species with differently sized patches are necessary to solve the concept of patch effect on species colonization.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.121-131
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• 2010

Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Betula ermanii segregate vertically at an elevation of approximately 1,850 m on Mt. Neko in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. B. platyphylla var. japonica and B. ermanii were the dominant species below and above this altitude, at which the mean-annual and growing-season air temperatures were $4^{\circ}C$ and $14.1^{\circ}C$, respectively. Based on a modification of Kira's warmth index which employs cumulative temperature represented as $^{\circ}C$ day, leaf unfolding in both species was observed to be initiated at $58^{\circ}C$ day and $169^{\circ}C$ day, respectively. In 1996, leaf unfolding was initiated on 18 May in B. platyphylla var. japonica (+/-6 days) and on 5 June in B. ermanii (+/-8 days), shortly after the last frost which occurred on 5 May 1995 above 1,850 m; below this elevation there was no risk of frost at the time. At elevations above 1,850 m, the unfolded leaves of B. platyphylla were damaged by late frost, while B. ermanii escaped injury because the leaves were still protected by winter buds. The optimum temperature for seed germination in both B. platyphylla and B. ermanii was $30^{\circ}C$. Temperature alternation from 10 to $30^{\circ}C$ and moist storage of seeds at $4^{\circ}C$ (stratification) prior to incubation increased germination rates in both species. The seedlings of B. ermanii had a greater survival rates than those of B. platyphylla var. japonica when planted above 1,850 m. Comparisons of the timing of leaf unfolding and the latest frost at a site appeared to be the main factors affecting the vertical distribution of these species.