• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2011

The characteristics of absorption and accumulation of inorganic germanium in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer were examined. In 4-year-old P. ginseng, the germanium content of the field soil increased with increased amounts and frequencies of inorganic germanium application, while chemical components of the soil, such as available phosphate and exchangeable calcium, potassium, and magnesium, decreased with the increased inorganic germanium application. In the 4-year-old P. ginseng, the germanium content was highest in the rhizome and increased in the order of stem, leaf, lateral root, and main root, suggesting that inorganic germanium was absorbed from the root and translocated to the stem and leaf via the rhizome. As for changes in ginsenosides in 4-year-old P. ginseng rhizomes, the contents of ginsenosides $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Re, and Rf decreased as the germanium content in soil increased. Ginsenosides $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Re, and Rf in the main root also decreased with increasing germanium content in the main root. The results suggest that inorganic germanium treatment may increase organic germanium in harvested P. ginseng, thus enhancing the medicinal effi cacy of ginseng products.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.157-161
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• 2010

New low temperature synthesis of germanium nanoparticles obtained from the reaction of germanium tetrachloride and sodium/benzophenonewere developed. These germanium nanoparticles terminated with chloride group were oxidized in air to give hydroxy-terminated germanium nanoparticles. Germanium nanoparticle containing 20(S)-camptothecin (CPT) for a noble drug delivery system were developed. FT-IR spectroscopy was used for the characterization of vibrational absorption for the germanium nanoparticle and oxidized germanium nanoparticles containing camptothecin. Electronic absorption and fluorescence properties were measured with UV-Vis and fluorescence spectrometer. The morphology of oxidized germanium nanoparticles containing camptothecin was investigated by using TEM.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.23 no.3_4
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• pp.141-146
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• 1979

Germanium in various botanical drugs was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectro-photometry with a graphite tube atomizer. The amounts of Ge in Zingiberis Rhizoma and Angelicae Radix were $169{\mu}g/g$ and $146{\mu}g/g$, respectively. The amounts of Ge in some other drugs ranged from $70{\mu}g/g$ to $130{\mu}g/g$. There is much more Ge in botanical drugs than in foods.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.404-408
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• 2005

In order to obtain the basic information far agricultural utilization of Germanium (Ge), the growth characteristics and germanium absorption in lettuce were investigated with different concentration of germanium in soil. This experiment was carried out in the waster pot $(15,000^{-1}a)$. Germanium concentrations in soil for lettuce cultivation were maintained at 0.26, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and $8.0mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. The content of germanium in lettuce was increased with the increase of germanium concentration in soil. When lettuce was cultivated on soil supplemented with Ge $8.0mg\;kg^{-1}$, germanium phytotoxicity (reduction of plant height, No. of leaf and fresh weight) was not observed. When lettuce was cultivated on soil supplemented with Ge 4.0 and $8.0mg\;kg^{-1}$, it germanium content were found 0.75 and $1.27mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Germanium absorption efficiency of lettuce was not different by germanium concentrations in the soil. When lettuce was cultivated on soil supplemented with Ge 2.0, 4.0 and $8.0mg\;kg^{-1}$, its absorption germanium efficiency was found 0.05, 0.04 and 0.03%, respectively. Germanium contents in different parts of lettuce cultivated with Ge $8.0mg\;kg^{-1}$ were $0.65mg\;kg^{-1}$ on inner leaf and $1.59mg\;kg^{-1}$ on outer leaf.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 1997

This study was carried out to improve the analytical method for determination of germanium in plants by atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace. For the decomposition of plant samples, the mixed acid of $HNO_3+HClO_4+H_2SO_4$(10 : 4 : 1, v/v) was used. Under this condition, time requirement for the decomposition was 4~5 days and recovery rate was more than 98%. Solution for filling up to constant volume after decomposition was 0.1M acetic acid-sodium acetate. Detection limit for determination of germanium was 0.02 ppm by atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace and argon gas. These results were corresponded with the above-mentioned research projects for improving the determination method of germanium in plants.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.295-300
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• 2015

The precise determination of the activity for each radionuclide in environmental samples requires the self-absorption correction factor. In this research, we derived the self-absorption correction factor for three p-type high purity germanium detectors using the Monte Carlo code MCNPX. These detectors have different characteristics such as crystal diameter, height and size of the core. We compared the calculated full-energy peak efficiency with the experimental value using a standard sample with $1g/m^3$ density and verified the modeling. We simulated the dependency of the full-energy peak efficiency on the 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2 and $1.5g/m^3$ samples and obtained the corresponding self-absorption correction factor. The self-absorption correction factors calculated for the three detectors differ by less than 1% over most of the energy range and sample densities considered. This indicates that the self-absorption correction factors are independent of the crystal characteristics of HPGe detector.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 1996

A matrix modification was studied for the determination of trace germanium in mineral waters by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry (ET-AAS). For this, the type and quantity of modifier as well as the use of auxiliary modifier were investigated to realize the efficient modification. Germanium suffers from low sensitivity and poor reproducibility in ET-AAS determination because of the premature loss of germanium via volatile germanium monoxide formation when heated in the presence of carbon. Therefore, the addition of a matrix modifier is necessary to stablize the germanium, thermally and chemically. By the addition of palladium (10 ${\mu}g/mL)$ as a single modifier to the sample containing 500 ng/mL germanium, the charring temperature could be raised from 800 to $1000^{\circ}C$, and its absorbance was also increased, but the atomization temperature was not raised. In this case, the absorbance of germanium was not changed in the range of 10∼70 ${\mu}g/mL$ of palladium added. On the other hand, it was considered that the use of a mixed modifier could modifiy the matrix more effectively than with a single modifier. The best results were obtained by using 1% ammonium hydroxide as an auxiliary modifier together with 10 ${\mu}g/mL$ palladium. The charring temperature could be raised from 800 to $1100^{\circ}C$, without any change of the atomization temperature. With above optimum conditions, the trace amount of germanium in several mineral waters were determined by a calibration curve method, and good recoveries of more than 95% were also obtained in the samples in which a given amount of germanium was spiked. The detection limit of this method was about 6.9 ng/mL.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.476-480
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• 2004

A simple, rapid, reproducible and selective UV-Visible spectrophotometric method has been developed for determination of germanium in a week acid medium (pH = 3.0) in the presence of mandelic acid (MA) and malachite green (MG). A single extraction in chlorobenzene was used for the analysis. The germanium-MA ion association complex exhibits an absorption maximum at ${\lambda}_{max}=618nm$ with MG as counter ion and has an apparent molar absorptivtity of $1.313{\times}10^5L\;mol^{-1}\;cm^{-1}$. The values obtained by this UV-Visible spectrophotometric method are in good agreement with the values from inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer analysis.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1090-1094
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• 2000

A reaction between germanium (Ge) and the ligand, o-chlorophenylfluorone (o-CPF) has been carried out. The reaction sensitive at pH 4.5 in the presence of triton x-100 was selective in the presence of EDTA. The spectral correction technique was ap plied to the analysis of the reaction instead of single wavelength spectrophotometry because the absorption of excess of o-CPF was not negligible. An updated determination of the properties of the Ge(IV)-o-CPF complex is given, which involved the complex ratio, stepwise absorptivity and stability constant of the complex. In present work, the results show that the complex $Ge(o-CPF)_3was$ formed and its cumulative stability constant was 1.09 ${\times}$1016 . For sample analysis, the detection limit of germanium was 0.01 mg/L, and the recoveries were between 96.4% and 102%, with relative standard deviations of less than 6.5%.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 1996

In order to cultivate the soybean sprout fortified with organogermanium, we observed growth characteristics and germanium content of soybean sprout watered with the aqueous organogermanium, Ge-132[bis(2-Carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide)]. Soybean sprout did not show difference in growth when treated with different times and frequencies of organogermanium or different types of germanium. Growth of Orialtae soybean sprout was smaller in diameter of hypocotyledonary axis and longer in total length than that of Danyeob soybean sprout. Three hour's soaking was better in growth than half an boar's treatment. Germanium absorbed by soybean sprout was greater in content in Danyeob soybean sprout than in Orialtae soybean sprout and highest at 20 ppm in water. Prolonged period and increased frequency in treatments with organic germanium resulted in increase of germanium uptake. Germanium content in soybean sprout was greater with treatment of organic germanium than with inorganic germanium.