• 한국초등수학교육학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.199-216
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• 2007

본 연구는 삼각형과 사각형 등 도형에 관한 정의와 성질 파악이 시작되는 4학년 단계에서 학생들이 범하는 오류를 연구해 봄으로써 적절한 처방과 교육 방법을 찾는데 목적이 있다. 4학년 단계에서 가장 많이 보이는 오류 유형으로는 정리나 정의를 부적절하게 사용하는 오류였으며 잘못되거나 제한된 개념 이미지가 크게 작용하였다. 이런 측면에서 본 연구는 용어에 대한 정의를 명확하게 하며 학생들의 기하수준을 높이는 지도가 필요하며 수학책과 수학 익힘책에서 제시된 도형 이미지는 제한적이므로 보다 다양한 위치와 길이의 도형이 제시되어야 하고 정확하게 서술되어야 하며 다양하고 실제적인 활동을 위한 방향으로 검토가 이루어져함을 시사한다.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2016

As 3D geospatial information is demanded, terrestrial laser scanners which can obtain 3D model of objects have been applied in various fields such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), structural analysis, and disaster management. To acquire precise data, performance evaluation of a terrestrial laser scanner must be conducted. While existing 3D surveying equipment like a total station has a standard method for performance evaluation, a terrestrial laser scanner evaluation technique for users is not established. This paper categorizes and analyzes error sources which generally occur in terrestrial laser scanning. In addition to the prior researches about categorizing error sources of terrestrial Laser scanning, this paper evaluates the error sources by the actual field tests for the smooth in-situ applications.The error factors in terrestrial laser scanning are categorized into interior error caused by mechanical errors in a terrestrial laser scanner and exterior errors affected by scanning geometry and target property. Each error sources were evaluated by simulation and actual experiments. The 3D coordinates of observed target can be distortedby the biases in distance and rotation measurement in scanning system. In particular, the exterior factors caused significant geometric errors in observed point cloud. The noise points can be generated by steep incidence angle, mixed-pixel and crosstalk. In using terrestrial laser scanner, elaborate scanning plan and proper post processing are required to obtain valid and accurate 3D spatial information.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.257-268
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• 2024

Drone-mounted hyperspectral sensors (DHSs) have revolutionized remote sensing in agriculture by offering a cost-effective and flexible platform for high-resolution spectral data acquisition. Their ability to capture data at low altitudes minimizes atmospheric interference, enhancing their utility in agricultural monitoring and management. This study focused on addressing the challenges of radiometric and geometric distortions in preprocessing drone-acquired hyperspectral data. Radiometric correction, using the empirical line method (ELM) and spectral reference panels, effectively removed sensor noise and variations in solar irradiance, resulting in accurate surface reflectance values. Notably, the ELM correction improved reflectance for measured reference panels by 5-55%, resulting in a more uniform spectral profile across wavelengths, further validated by high correlations (0.97-0.99), despite minor deviations observed at specific wavelengths for some reflectors. Geometric correction, utilizing a rubber sheet transformation with ground control points, successfully rectified distortions caused by sensor orientation and flight path variations, ensuring accurate spatial representation within the image. The effectiveness of geometric correction was assessed using root mean square error(RMSE) analysis, revealing minimal errors in both east-west(0.00 to 0.081 m) and north-south directions(0.00 to 0.076 m).The overall position RMSE of 0.031 meters across 100 points demonstrates high geometric accuracy, exceeding industry standards. Additionally, image mosaicking was performed to create a comprehensive representation of the study area. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the applied preprocessing techniques and highlight the potential of DHSs for precise crop health monitoring and management in smart agriculture. However, further research is needed to address challenges related to data dimensionality, sensor calibration, and reference data availability, as well as exploring alternative correction methods and evaluating their performance in diverse environmental conditions to enhance the robustness and applicability of hyperspectral data processing in agriculture.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.735-739
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• 2013

The error motion of a machine tool spindle directly affects the surface errors of machined parts. Spindle motion errors such as three translational motions and two rotational motions are undesirable. These are usually due to the imperfectness of bearings, stiffness of spindle, assembly errors, and external force or unbalance of rotors. The error motions of the spindle need to be reduced for achieving the desired performance. Therefore, the level of error motion needs to be estimated during the design and assembly process of the spindle. In this study, an estimation method for five degree-of-freedom (5 DOF) error motions for a spindle with an angular contact ball bearing is suggested. To estimate the error motions of the spindle, the waviness of the inner-race of bearings and an external force model were used as input data. The estimation model considers the geometric relationship and force equilibrium of the five DOFs. To calculate the error motions of the spindle, not only the imperfections of the shaft and bearings but also driving elements such as belt pulley and direct driving motor systems are considered.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.295-301
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• 2016

The out-of-squareness is one of the error sources that affect the positioning accuracy of machine tools and coordinate measuring machines. Laser interferometer is widely used to measure the position and angular errors, and can measure the squareness using an optical square. However, the squareness measurement using the laser interferometer is difficult, as compared to other errors due to complicated optics setup and Abbe's error occurrence. The effect of out-of-squareness mainly appears at the face-diagonal of the movable plane. The diagonal displacements are also affected by the position dependent geometric errors. In this study, the squareness estimation techniques via diagonal displacement measurement using the laser interferometer without an optical square were proposed. For accurate estimation and measurement time reduction, the errors selected from proposed discriminant were measured. Discrepancy between the proposed technique with the laser interferometer (with an optical square) result was $0.6{\mu}rad$.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.173-180
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• 1994

촬영된 사진이나 음화 또는 양화필름을 스캐닝할 때에는 스캐닝에 따르는 기하왜곡이 발생하게 된다. 스캐닝 기하왜곡을 보정하기 위하여는 스캐닝 대상물상에 평면위치를 정확하게(수$\mu{m}$의 정확도) 알고 있는 선명한 기준점들이 있어야 한다. 특수한 측정용 카메라에 있어서는 필름면 앞에 내장되어 있는 레조플레이트의 십자선이 사진상에 나타나긴 하지만 비측정용 카메라인 경우에는 스캐닝 왜곡을 보정할 수 있는 기준점을 얻을 수 없기 때문에 이론적인 스캐닝 왜곡의 보정이 어렵다. 따라서 스캐닝 기하왜곡을 소거하기 위하여는 스캐닝하고자 하는 사진이나 필름 위에 올려놓을 수 있는 건판이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 스캐닝 왜곡 보정용 건판을 제작하고, 제작된 정밀보정건판의 사용을 통하여 CCD 카메라 스캐너로 사진을 스캐닝할 때에 발생하는 기하왜곡을 보정할 수 있었으며, 제시된 보정기법의 유효성을 검증할 수 있었다. 그리고 보정건판상의 기준점 형태에 따른 왜곡 보정 정밀도를 검사한 후, 보다 유효한 기준점 형태를 제시할 수 있었다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.483-496
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• 2008

Qualified ground control points (GCPs) are required to construct a digital elevation model (DEM) from a pushbroom stereo pair. An inverse geolocation algorithm for extracting GCPs from ERS SAR data and the SRTM DEM was recently developed. However, not all GCPs established by this method are accurate enough for direct application to the geometric correction of pushbroom images such as SPOT, IRS, etc, and thus a method for selecting and removing inaccurate points from the sets of GCPs is needed. In this study, we propose a method for evaluating GCP accuracy and winnowing sets of GCPs through orientation modeling of pushbroom image and validate performance of this method using SPOT stereo pair of Daejon City. It has been found that the statistical distribution of GCP positional errors is approximately Gaussian without bias, and that the residual errors estimated by orientation modeling have a linear relationship with the positional errors. Inaccurate GCPs have large positional errors and can be iteratively eliminated by thresholding the residual errors. Forty-one GCPs were initially extracted for the test, with mean the positional error values of 25.6m, 2.5m and -6.1m in the X-, Y- and Z-directions, respectively, and standard deviations of 62.4m, 37.6m and 15.0m. Twenty-one GCPs were eliminated by the proposed method, resulting in the standard deviations of the positional errors of the 20 final GCPs being reduced to 13.9m, 8.5m and 7.5m in the X-, Y- and Z-directions, respectively. Orientation modeling of the SPOT stereo pair was performed using the 20 GCPs, and the model was checked against 15 map-based points. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) of the model were 10.4m, 7.1m and 12.1m in X-, Y- and Z-directions, respectively. A SPOT DEM with a 20m ground resolution was successfully constructed using a automatic matching procedure.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.31-44
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• 1988

If an error occurs in the automatic mode when the advanced teleoperator system performs a task in hostile environment then the automatic mode changes into the manual mode. The operation by the control program and the operation by a human recover the error in the manual mode. The system resumes the automatic mode and continues the given task. It is necessary to improve the manual mode in order to make the best use of a man-robot system, as a part of the human interface technique. Therefore, the error recovery task is performed by combining the operation by the control program representing autonomy of a robot and the operation by a human representing versatility of a human operator effectively in the view point of human factors engineering. The geometric inverse kinematics is used for the calculation of the robot joint values in the operation by the control program. The singularity operation error and the parameter operation error often occur in this procedure. These two operation errors increase the movement time of the robot and the coordinate reading time, during the error recovery task. A singularity algorithm, parameter algorithm and fuzzy control are studied so as to remove the disadvantages of geometric inverse kinematics. And the geometric straight line motion is studied so as to improve the disadvantages of the operation by a human.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.69-82
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• 1998

SAR 영상은 기존의 전자광학적 센서가 갖고 있는 자료취득의 제한을 극복하고, 광학적 센서와 상호보완되는 정보를 제공한다. 하지만 SAR 센서와 지면의 기하학적 특성으로 인하여 영상에 내재되어 있는 다양한 기하학적 왜곡을 제거할 필요가 있다. SAR 영상의 기하보정 방법으로 여러 가지 다양한 기법이 소개되고 있지만, SAR 영상을 정확하게 기하보정하는 것은 쉽지 않다. 특히 Radarsat 위성에 채택되고 있는 "International" 타원체와 국내의 "Bessel" 타원체간의 변환관계가 확립되지 않아 기하보정에 어려움이 있다. 보편적으로 많이 이용되는 모의영상을 이용한 기하보정 방법과 공선조건식을 응용한 기하보정 방법에는 수치표고모형이 이용된다. 본 연구에서는 기하보정에 사용되는 방법간의 장점과 단점을 파악하고 국내에 적용될 수 있는 방법을 찾아냈다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.469-479
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• 2023

A probabilistic seismic damage analysis is an essential procedure to identify seismically vulnerable structures, prioritize the seismic retrofit, and ultimately minimize the overall seismic risk. To assess the seismic risk of multiple structures within a region, a large number of nonlinear time-history structural analyses must be conducted and studied. As a result, each assessment requires high computing resources. To overcome this limitation, we explore a deep learning-based metamodel to enable the prediction of the mean and the standard deviation of the seismic damage distribution of track-on steel-plate girder railway bridges in Korea considering the geometric variation. For machine learning training, nonlinear dynamic time-history analyses are performed to generate 800 high-fidelity datasets on the seismic response. Through intensive trial and error, the study is concentrated on developing an optimal machine learning architecture with the pre-identified variables of the physical configuration of the bridge. Additionally, the prediction performance of the proposed method is compared with a previous, well-defined, response surface model. Finally, the statistical testing results indicate that the overall performance of the deep-learning model is improved compared to the response surface model, as its errors are reduced by as much as 61%. In conclusion, the model proposed in this study can be effectively deployed for the seismic fragility and risk assessment of a region with a large number of structures.