• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2009

Astilbe (Saxifragaceae) is a genus well known for its disjunctive distribution in Asia and eastern North America. In this study, we reconstructed a molecular phylogeny of the genus using the sequences of ITS regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA. A total of 17 species representing major lineage of Astilbe and closely related taxa were included in the phylogenetic analyses. We obtained a Bayesian phylogenetic tree in which Saxifragopsis was positioned as a sister group to Astilbe. The Japanese endemic species, A.platyphylla was the most basal lineage within the genus. This species is well known for its distinct morphological features such as unisexual flowers, apetaly, and calyx with 7-11 lobes. Two species, A. biternata, a New World representative of the genus, and A. rivularis widely distributed in S. Asia, branched off early in the evolution of Astilbe. The remaining species formed a strongly supported core clade, which diverged into two robust geographical lineages: the first ("Japonica" clade) of species distributed in Japan, Taiwan, and Philippines and the other ("Rubra" clade), of taxa in China and Korea. The ITS phylogeny indicates that the Bering land bridges were the major route for the origin and dispersal of A. biternata. The two Taiwanese taxa and A. philippinensis were found to derive from the Japanese member, as the genus advanced southwards. The ITS phylogeny suggests that apetaly originated independently at least two times within the genus. Our results do not support Engler's classification system of the genus based on the leaf type (simple vs. compound), but reaffirm Hara's taxonomic idea which primarily considered the features of calyx.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.5260-5267
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• 2013

In order to create a successful regional development model, there should be an effort to foster a strategic industry which boosts a geographical features of rural areas. Because, It must be clear that the strategic industry chosen between choice and concentration of the development of the local industry development which boosts the local economy revitalization. The local government should have continual concern and roles to fulfil political subjects and keep estimating about the possibility that there could be the sustainable development by Task Ahead of the local industry. This study's indicators were established for the adequacy evaluation of the industrial policy by focusing on domestic regional development's success example. Next, Conjoint analysis was conducted on the Experts. On the basis of this analysis, the weights of indicators are derived. And this study suggest the reasonable evaluation system to take Sustainable industry plan of regional strategic. Consequently, 'Regional development' sector separate 3 categories which are 'Local economy', 'Human Resource Development', 'local marketing' and 9 indicators were derived. 'Industrial development' sector derived 9 indicators about 'Construction of infrastructure', 'Technical development' and 'business support'. Looking through the implications of this study. First, the problem needed to be supplemented based on the Diversity and concreteness of Evaluation system when government assesses regional industry development policy. Second, local government have to strategically consider the possibility of convergence between industries and easiness of network in a broad region. Finally, Foundation and support of the professional manpower and companies for the regional industries must be established.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.59-73
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• 2001

This thesis aims to explore the effects of ecotourism in New Zealand as a foreign area study and investigate spatial implications of ecotourism in geographical context. In addition, this research pursuit to provide effective regional policies for ecotourism in Korea. To achieve the objectives this research carried out literature review before taking field survey in New Zealand. The survey was undertaken for three times in New Zealand. Using the materials such as data collection and interviews, the effects of the ecotourism were investigated. The effects of the ecotourism in New Zealand not only have presented environmental conservation and educational feedbacks to the ecotourists, but also contributed to development of regional economy. In addition, the collaboration of the governmental policies has supported the ecotour environments and active involvement of residents that resulted the effects of the ecotourism in New Zealand. Therefore, the ecotour industry has been able to foster stable economic development in long-term and provide educational opportunities for ecotourists to recap environmental importance. These benefits that the ecotour resources provide have contributed to accomplish the main purposes of the tour industry in New Zealand where natural environment has been identified as the mostly highest priority to be preserved for their tour industry. These effects have led aggressive activities of the ecotour development of central and local governments and local residents The ecotourism in Korea has not still achieved the real benefits which meet environmental conservation, regional economic advantages and educational effects. To obtain the effects, therefore, it needs close collaboration with governmental activities and close involvement of local residents. For this, the case studies of New Zealand present a good examples of how to success the ecotour as a set of tour industrial resource.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2022

Clean water is an essential urban infrastructure in human daily life, and water plays a vital role in public health. Due to restrictions on outdoor activities during COVID-19, time staying at home has increased. Therefore, it is plausible to assume that large-scale disaster incidences such as COVID-19 will affect water consumption. In this regard, this research aims to explore the factors that influence household water use during COVID-19. The analysis period of the study is 2020, and the geographical scope covers Seoul and Incheon. A dependent variable was water consumption in the autonomous districts of Seoul and Incheon, and the factors reflecting urban characteristics were used as independent variables. Multiple regression was used for analysis, and the unit of analysis was the autonomous district in Seoul and Incheon. The finding confirmed that the pandemic situation caused an increase in water consumption. In addition, it supports policy for the elderly so that they can use water without financial difficulty. It implies that a stable supply of clean water is essential for managing infectious diseases. The findings of this study are expected to provide some implications for efficient water supply policies and efficient water supply management in the event of the spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19.

• Korean small business review
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.31-57
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• 2021

This study delves into a question as to how the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is internalized across corporations. CSR internalization refers to the process where a corporation incorporates CSR practices into its business practices. Drawn from the institutionalization process of knowledge adoption under environmental pressure, we pay attention to the roles of proximity, defined as the distance between environmental characteristics and organizational characteristics of corporations. And we argue that the extent to which a given firm is situated in the environment knowledgeable will make the firm likely to adopt CSR practices. To test this idea, we figure out when and how corporations participate in the B-Corporation Movement in the U.S., through the lens of proximity. Specifically, we subdivide proximity into geographical proximity, organizational proximity, and overlapped proximity and examine whether proximity can increase the likelihood of adopting CSR practices. With a sample of 536 start-ups which had participated in the B-Corporation Movement between 2007 and 2017, we find that the three types of proximity consistently increase the likelihood of becoming a certified B-Corp. This suggests that a corporation is highly likely to accept the concept of CSR under external pressures, along with its intrinsic motivation, which provide theoretical and practical implications on CSR internalization.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.57-68
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of location satisfaction of innovative start-ups, located in capital and non-capital areas, on the intention of relocation. The analysis was based on the data of a survey of 231 innovative start-ups that were founded less than 7 years ago. 10 factors related to the aspects of business management, network building, and business environment were considered as location satisfaction of start-ups. The dependent variable was whether innovative start-ups plan to relocate. First, it was confirmed that in the case of innovative start-ups in capital area, the intention to relocate was found to decrease when the location satisfactions related to the promptly provision of products and services to consumers and ease of supplying labor were increased. Second, in the case of innovative start-ups in non-capital area, it was found that the intention to relocate was found to decrease when the location satisfactions related to creating a network, convenient transportation and free and creative start-up environment were increased. In addition, it was found that the higher the sales of start-ups in non-capital area, the lower their intention to relocate while the higher firm age of start-ups in non-capital area, the higher their intention to relocate. This study has an academic contribution to examining the relationship between between the location satisfactions of start-ups and the intention to relocate, which has been rarely addressed in Korea, and to shedding light on the difference in capital and non-capital areas. Furthermore, this study has policy implications since it suggests factors that the government should consider for geographical agglomeration of start-ups.

• 한국노년학
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.589-612
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• 2019

Korea has undergone rapid modernization and globalization process in the last few decades. The purpose of this study is to explore how shifting traditional values are impacting Korean elderlies and their perceptions of aging experience. In order to understand how changing social and cultural practices are affecting older adults, the similarities and differences among Korean elderlies living in three different geographical locations are examined in a multidimensional comparative framework. Life story interviews were conducted with 30 Korean elderlies (10 urban residents in Korea, 10 rural residents in Korea, and 10 residents in the US). Paying attention to within-group variation, this study particularly focused on analyzing the psychological, social, emotional, and spiritual experiences that made lives meaningful and resilient in old age in spite of physical decline. Based on analysis of narrative, the following major areas were identified as having positive or negative influence on aging experiences: physical health, emotional health, family relationship, work, leisure/social activity, and spirituality. Common themes of aging well across all settings included: "life not indebted to their offspring," "physical and mental health," and "dying well." Spirituality played a critical role in cultivating perspectives on life and accepting aging process, which were rooted in specific religious traditions participants identified (e.g., Christianity or Buddhism). Interesting differences in the meaning of work and leisure were also found between elderlies residing in Korea and the US immigrant context. One unique factor continuing to negatively affect Korean elderly in rural community was related to shame of not obtaining higher education. Implications for future research are also addressed.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2010

Since Korea establish diplomatic ties with China in 1992, korea and China have had rapid progress in most of field as politic, economy, society and culture through basing on cultural commonality and geographical adjacency. Especially, China is the biggest trading partner to korea, and also Korea is third-biggest trading country to China. They become strategic cooperating relation in 2008. Currently, in terms of international trade relation, WTO/DDA negotiation is proceeding in difficulty, but FTA has been growing and extending in the world, and the two country, china and korea, have been competitively trying wide and active FTA negotiation promotion. After Financial crisis in 1997, according to the requirement of local economic cooperation, China has shown the interest to several countries since the conclusion of FTA treaty with ASEAN in 2005. China also makes the active afford to conclude FTA with Korea. Last May 28th, this was mentioned in the meeting between president Lee and Premier Wen Jiabao, so it is anticipated that the negotiation for FTA will be started in the near future. There are many political suggestions and concerns in terms of way of negotiation korea would choose. Some economist said that "'Continuous FTA aimed at long-term protocol should be promoted between korea and China and negotiated includingly'" However, this research claims that commodity exchange, service, and investment areas should be included and it has to be comprehensive package settlement style in negotiation. This research has found out the characteristics of China's negotiation and implications through the China's existed FTA negotiation examples. Currently, China has taken Continuous or a phase-negotiation method to ASEAN, Pakistan, Chile and some other developing country and to advanced countries like New Zealand or Singapore, comprehensive package settlement method is used in FTA negotiation. In consider of the FTA negotiation between Korea and China, Korea has some problems in the commodity change area in agriculture maket's opening. While, for china, the issues would happen in service trade area, especially when encountering finance and communication industries are opened, China's economy could be exposed to some risk. In result, Korea should expand its negotiation range from commodity trade to service trade, in order to exchange both issues, then the negotiation will be concluded more easily. In other word, for FTA, korea should follow comprehensive package settlement way that is similar to New zealand and Singapore case. Through this kind of method, Korea can expect effect of creating trade, conversion of it and preoccupancy of service field in china's market against the advanced countries like Usa, Europe and Japan. Also, to have a successful FTA negotiation, korea should find out china's policy for FTA negotiation. With this information, korea will be able to suggest the way to make a profit. Systematic analysis and comparison about previous negotiation cases of china are needed before the negotiation begin.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.97-115
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to illustrating how the store selection factors affect the customer's satisfaction about the store and the intention of revisit base on the analyzing the store selection factors. At the same time, the difference between the influence on the customer's satisfaction and revisit intention of that in Korea and in China is also compared. Accordingly, through the notional understanding of configuration variables and the investigation of previous research, the Research hypothesis was set and the relevance between the two was inspected. The survey was aimed at the Korean customers who visit the large supermarkets in Korea and Chinese customers who visit the large supermarkets in China. After that, the reliability and validity of the collected data was verified and the research hypothesis was validated by structure equation modeling. The result of this study can by concluded as follows: First, in Korea the customer's satisfaction is showed to be affected by store selection factors, product property, service property and physical environment. Second, in China the customer's satisfaction is showed to be affected by store selection factors, product property, service property and physical environment. Third, in Korea the revisit intention is showed to be affected by customer's satisfaction. Forth, in China the revisit intention is showed to be affected by customer's satisfaction. Fifth, it shows little difference between the store selection factors of the customers visiting large supermarkets in Korea and in China. According to the research results above, the implications can be drawn as the customer's satisfaction of those who visit the large supermarkets may be affected by store selection factors (store property, product property, service property and physical environment). In recent years, more and more overseas large supermarkets are opening in both Korea and China and the competition among each is become more intense day by day. Every larger supermarket is trying their best to refine their store property, product property, service property and physical environment, in order to enhance the customer's satisfaction. The biggest factor that affects the customer's satisfaction and revisit intention in Korea is service property, So that the services requires proper measures and improvement. In China, the factor that affects most on the customer's satisfaction and revisit intention is physical environment. In order to enhance the customer's positive consciousness of stores, the physical environment needs to be well constructed. Lastly, in the compared research between Korea and China, the distribution of survey responders was limited from certain areas. Therefore, the further study can be implemented by more research in various geographical areas and more development in store selection factors.

• Korean small business review
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.69-102
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• 2020

Shedding new light on the research trend on entrepreneurial ecosystems in the 40-year history of the Asia Pacific Journal of Small Business, this study aims at exploring a potential measurement framework of ecological inputs and outputs in an entrepreneurial ecosystem that promotes entrepreneurship at geographical and spatial levels. As a result of the analysis of research on the entrepreneurial ecosystem in the journal, we found that prior studies emphasized the managerial importance of various ecological factors on the premise of possible causalities between the factors and entrepreneurship. However, empirical research to verify the premised causality has been underexplored yet. This literature gap may lead to unbalanced development of conceptual and case studies that identify requirements for successful entrepreneurial ecosystems based on experiential facts, thereby hindering the generalization of the research results for practical implications. In that there is a growing interest in creating and operating productive entrepreneurial ecosystems as an innovation engine that drives national and regional economic growth, it is necessary to explore and develop the measurement framework for ecological factors that can be used in future empirical research. Hereupon, we apply a conceptual model of 'input-output-outcome-impact' to categorize individual environmental factors identified in prior studies. Based on the model. We operationalize ecological input factors as the financial, intellectual, institutional, and social capitals, and ecological output factors as the establishment-based, innovation-based, and performance-based entrepreneurship. Also, we propose several longitudinal databases that future empirical research can use in analyzing the potential causality between the ecological input and output factors. The proposed framework of entrepreneurial ecosystems, which focuses on measuring ecological input and output factors, has a high application value for future research that analyzes the causality.