• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2011

Black-billed magpies (Pica pica) are a highly sedentary species due to their short and round wings, which are not adequate for long distance flights. We investigated geographic variation in the vocal signals of magpies residing in South Korea and Japan (subspecies sericea). Based on the magpie's limited dispersal ability, we predicted that the variation in vocal signals of black-billed magpies could be explained by geographic barriers such as mountain ranges and straits. We analyzed four-syllable chatter calls of magpies from five localities in South Korea, which are separated by mountain ranges (Seoul, Daejeon, Daegu, Gwangju, and Busan), and two island localities separated from the mainland by straits (Jeju in Korea and Saga in Japan). We found significant differences in the characteristics of magpie chatter calls recorded in the seven localities, and the variation pattern was independent among the variables. Mainland-island differentiation and north-south differentiation were observed. In general, magpies on Saga were the most distinctive. North-south differentiation was observed among the Korean mainland localities. However, the pattern was not related to the presence of putative geographic barriers. We hypothesize that the patterns of geographic variation in the structure of magpie chatter calls residing in South Korea might have been shaped by a sudden expansion of magpies followed by low level of local isolation, which may have led to vocal differentiation. Along with elucidating the vocal environment of Korean magpie populations, more extensive sampling is needed to clarify the functional aspects of geographic variation in the vocal signals of Korean magpies.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Sericultural Science Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.42-42
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• 2003

The wild silkworm, Bombyx mandarina, was believed the only ancestor of B. mori, inhabits the limited area of Eastern Asia including China, Korea and Japan. However, the geographic dimorphism of B. mandarina was reported with chromosome number and arylphorin gene. In connection with those dimorphism, we studied the genetic differences of ITS-2 region in rDNA purposing the differentiation and geographic variation within the species of B. mandarina. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.263-263
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• 2017

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the world's third largest food crop after wheat and corn. Geographic authentication of rice has recently emerged as an important issue for enhancing human health via food safety and quality assurance. Here, we aimed to discriminate rice from six Asian countries through geographic authentication using combinations of elemental/isotopic composition analysis and chemometric techniques. Principal components analysis could distinguish samples cultivated from most countries, except for those cultivated in the Philippines and Japan. Furthermore, orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis provided clear discrimination between rice cultivated in Korea and other countries. The major common variables responsible for differentiation in these models were ${\delta}^{34}S$, Mn, and Mg. Our findings contribute to understanding the variations in elemental and isotopic compositions in rice depending on geographic origins, and offer valuable insight into the control of fraudulent labeling regarding the geographic origins of rice traded among Asian countries.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 1998

Gentic diversity of 42 isolates of Phomopsis citri was analyzed with random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) and fungicide resistance. RAPD profiles of genomic DNA of the isolates of P. citri and the degrees of their resistance to the fungicides mancozeb and propineb suggested the occurrence of genetic differentiation of P. citri distributed in Cheju. The isolates showed genetically diverse RAPD profiles according to the host species collected even from the same collection site and also according to the geographic origin collected even from the same host species. High levels of resistance to fungicides mancozeb and propineb were observed among the isolates of P. citri. However, there was no correlation between RAPD profiles of genomic DNA and levels of fungicide resistance of the isolates, suggesting that fungicide resistance of P. citri occurred irrespective of the host and geographic origin.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.236-243
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• 2013

Many plant species in subalpine regions are under threat of extinction as a result of climate change. In this study, the genetic diversity and geographic differentiation of three regions and six populations of Primula farinosa subsp. modesta (Bisset & Moore) Pax in Korea were assessed using the ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) marker. The average genetic diversity (P = 60.62, SI = 0.299, h = 0.190) was relatively lower than that of other long-lived perennials, even though it is a self-incompatible species. AMOVA analysis showed that 50% of the total genetic diversity was partitioned among regions and Bayesian cluster analysis showed some remarkable geographic trends that were structured into 2 or 3 regions, suggesting limited gene flow among regions. Considering the population fragmentation, low level genetic diversity, and high genetic differentiation, it is essential to establish in situ and ex situ conservation strategies for P. farinosa subsp. modesta.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.91-105
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• 2001

Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of firefly in Japan have been reviewed. Fourty-six lampyrid species and one rhagophthalmid are distributed in the Japanese Islands including the Ryukyus. Recently, molecular phylogenetic approaches have been employed in the systematic study of firefly using mitochondrial and luciferase genes. Based on the molecular phylogenetic trees, evolutionary process of flashing patterns related strictly to mating behavior was estimated. Furthermore, genetic diversity studies revealed geographic differentiation patterns within species, and conservation measures of firefly were proposed to protect genetic resources endemic to the localities.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.279-289
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• 2015

Genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of thirteen Pinus densiflora populations in South Korea were estimated using nine ESTP (Expressed Sequence Tag Polymorphism) markers. The numbers of allele and the effective allele were 2.2 and 1.8, respectively. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 98.8%. The observed and the expected heterozygosity were 0.391 and 0.402, respectively, and the eleven populations except for Ahngang and Gangneung population were under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state. The level of genetic differentiation (Wright’s F_ST = 0.057) was higher than those of isozyme or nSSR markers. We could not find out any relationship between the genetic distance and geographic distribution among populations from cluster analysis. Also, the genetic differentiation between populations was not correlated with the geographic distance (r = 0.017 and P = 0.344 from Mantel test). From the result of F_ST-outlier analysis to identify a locus under selection, six loci were detected at confidence interval of 99% by the frequentist’s method. However, only three loci (sams2+AluⅠ, sams2+RsaⅠ, PtNCS_p14A9+HaeⅢ) were presumed as outliers by Bayesian method. The sams2+AluⅠ and sams2+RsaⅠlocus were originated from the sams2 gene and seemed to be the loci under balancing selection.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.395-400
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• 2001

We investigated the variations of the flowering response to daylength in Perilla crop (var. frutescens). Seventeen accessions of Perilla crop and one accession of weedy type of var. crispa from China, Korea and Japan were cultivated under three daylength conditions, i.e., short-days, natural daylength and long-days. Most accessions of Perilla crop from China, Korea and Japan were divided into three types, early maturing type, intermediate maturing type and late maturing type by their natural flowering habit. In most of the accessions used, the flowering habit was significantly accelerated by short-day conditions and was delayed by long-day conditions. All the accessions of Perilla crops flowered within 57 days under the 10 hrs light treatment, whereas they did not flower at all even at 170 days after sowing under the 16 hrs light treatment. Thus, this finding suggested that there is a relationship between the types of flowering response to daylength and the geographical distribution which determines the planting season in traditional cultivation practices of Perilla crops. Positive correlation was observed between days to flowering and plant height or internode number in both the short-day and natural daylength conditions. Whereas, correlation was negative between days to flowering and inflorescence length or floret number in natural daylength condition, but it was positive in the short-day condition. Therefore, the daylength condition is considered as the most important environmental factor for flowering habit and morphological characters of Perilla crops. Flowering habit is considered as an important key character for the study of geographical differentiation of Perilla crop in East Asia.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.702-711
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• 2011

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), one of the minor crops grown in Korea belonging to the Polygonaceae family, is an annual crop widely cultivated in Asia, Europe, and America and has a character of outcrossing and self-incompatibility. The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic variability, phylogenetic relationships and population structure of buckwheat landraces of Korea using SSR markers. Ten microsatellite markers have been detected from a total of 79 alleles among the 179 buckwheat accessions were collected from Korea. The number of allele per marker locus ($N_A$) ranged from 2 (GB-FE-001, GB-FE-043 and GB-FE-055) to 31 (GB-FE-035) with an average of 7.9 alleles. GB-FE-035 was the most polymorphic with the highest PIC value 0.93. Major allele frequencies ($M_{AF}$) for the 10 polymorphic loci varied from 0.12 to 0.97 with a mean allele frequency of 0.57. The expected heterozygosity ($H_E$) values ranged from 0.05 to 0.94 with an average of 0.53. The observed heterozygosity ($H_O$) ranged from 0.06 to 0.92 with an average of 0.42. The overall polymorphic information contents (PIC) values ranged from 0.05 to 0.93 with an average of 0.48. The landrace accessions of buckwheat used in the present study were not distinctly grouped according to geographic distribution. The study concludes that the results revealed genetic differentiation was low according to the geographic region because of outcrossing and self-incompatibility. We reported that our analyses on the genetic diversity of common buckwheat cultivars of Korea were performed by using of microsatellite markers.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.259-267
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• 1998

A deletion of one out of the two copies of 9-bp repeat sequence (CCCCCTCTA), between the cytochrome oxidase II and Iysine tranfer RNA (COII/$tRNA^{Lys}$) genes in human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been used as a polymorphic anthropological marker for people of east Asian origin, and to lesser extent, Pacific and African populations. We searched for the 9-bp deletion of the intergenic COII/$tRNA^{Lys}$ Lys region in two Korean populations (175 from Seoul and 38 from Cheju) and examine the distibution of this deletion in world populations. The 9-bp deletion was detected directly by electrophoresis of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified nucleotide(nt) 8211-8310 mtDNA fragment. The frequencies of the 9-bp deletion were significantly different between the Seoul (16%) and Cheju (8%) populations. Examination of data from the world populations suggests a geographic gradient. The frequency reaches its highest values in some Pacific island populations and decreases along the southeast Asia-Siberia transect. In spite of this geographic gradient, Mongoloid populations including Korean, Chinese, Japanese, and Mongolian populations were relatively homo-geneous with regard to the 9-bp deletion type of the intergenic COII/$tRNA^{Lys}$ region. These results indicate Koreans are genetically related to northeast Asian populations, and have a maternal mongoloid ancestry. Therefore, the 9-bp deletion of the intergenic COII/$tRNA^{Lys}$ region will provide significant information to elucidate the historical patterns of migration of the Mongoloids.