• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.6 s.86
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• pp.756-761
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• 2007

Cenus Malus is a long-lived woody species primarily distributed throughout Asia. Many species of this genus are regarded as agriculturally and ecologically important. The phynetics and genetic diversity among eight species of genus Malus were reconstructed using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. In a simple measure of intraspecies variability by the percentage of polymorphic bands, the M. micromalus exhibited the lowest variation (34.7%). The M. pumila showed the highest (50.0%). Mean number of alleles per locus (A) ranged from 1.347 to 1.500 with a mean of 1.437. The phenotypic frequency of each band was calculated and used in estimating genetic diversify (H) within species. The mean of H was 0.190 across species, varying from 0.155 to 0.220. In particular, two cultivated species, M. pumila and M. asiatica, had high expected diversity, 0.314 and 0.307, respectively. On a per locus basis, the proportion of total genetic variation due to differences among species ranged from 0.388 to 0.472 with a mean of 0.423, indicating that 42.3% of the total variation was found among species. The phylogenetic tree showed three distinct elates. One includes M. sieversii, M. pumila, and M. asiatica. Another includes three M. baccata taxa. The other includes M. sieboldii, M. floribunsa, and M. micromalus. One variety and one form of M. sieboldii were well separated each other. RAPD markers are useful in germ-plasm classification of genus Malus and evolutionary studies.

• Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.909-917
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• 2018

Quercetin and its glycoside derivatives were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer (LC/MS/MS) in the leaves, flowers, and fruits of 22 Malus genotypes. In all genotypes, small amounts of quercetin aglycone were present, with water-soluble glycoside forms were the most abundant in different Malus plant tissues, including quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-xyloside, quercetin-3-arabinoside, and quercetin-3-rhamnoside. Among these six quercetin glycosides, quercetin-3-galactoside was the common form in Malus plants, except in the leaves and flowers of M. ceracifolia and M. magdeburgensis, and in the fruits of M. micromalus 'Haihong Fruit', where there was a higher concentration of quercetin3-glucoside. Among the different tissues tested, leaves contained the highest concentration of quercetin and its glycosides, while fruits contained the lowest concentrations of these compounds. Among the genotypes we analyzed, no specific genotype consistently contained the highest concentration of quercetin and its glycoside derivatives. M. domestica 'Honeycrisp' had the highest total compound concentration (approximately $1600mg\;kg^{-1}$), whereas M. hupehensis contained the lowest in its fruits. In contrast, the concentration of total quercetin and its glycosides was more than $5000mg\;kg^{-1}$ in the leaves of eight genotypes and greater than $2500mg\;kg^{-1}$ in the flowers of seven species. In general, the concentration of quercetin and its glycoside derivatives depended on the species and tissue type. These results may provide useful information for the evaluation and selection of edible Malus fruits and the materials for quercetin glycoside extraction.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.95.2-95.2
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• 2006

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.97.1-97.1
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• 2006

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.173-180
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• 2013

Berries of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum [Kom.] Ohwi) contained one seed, which have, in general, one or two embryos but very rarely three embryos. Mucilaginous substances in berries may help them adhere to the branches of host trees. It was observed that seeds need more than one and half years to develop into normal and healthy seedlings from the time of inoculation. Many factors such as adhesion of berry, thickness of host branch, orientation of haustorial root, etc. influenced the successful development of mistletoe plants. Through the application of six-year observation results on the germination of seeds and growth of seedlings, about 80% of germination rate for mistletoe seeds and 61% of survival ratio for germinated seeds, which is more than 23 times higher in natural conditions, were obtained after inoculation of seeds on the one-year-old branches of Malus pumila var. dulcissima and Quercus mongolica trees. The technological aspects of the success can be applied to other host plants and provide a critical clue to an artificial propagation system, for this medicinally valuable genus. This is the first successful report on artificial inoculation and plant development of Korean mistletoe.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2023

Three fungal strains designated as KNUF-23-MG32, KNUF-23-YC8, and KNUF-23-MJ82 were isolated from the abnormal symptomatic apple trees during screening fungal pathogens collected in Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. These fungal strains were found to have similar cultural and morphological characteristics close to the genus Botryosphaeria. Morphological characteristics were matched with B. kuwatsukai CBS 135219 but different with B. dothidea KACC 45481 and B. sinensis HMAS 246714^T. Pathogenicity tests of strain KNUF-23-MG32 showed that this strain causes rot in Fuji apples. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1α), and partial β-tubulin (TUB2) showed that these strains are B. kuwatsukai. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an apple ring rot fungus Botryosphaeria kuwatsukai in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 1983

Taxonomic distribution of ecto- and endomycorrhizae among woody species growing in Korea was studied and their distribution was compared with foreign literature, Most of root samples were collected from Central Branch Station of forest Research Institute in Gwangneung, Gyonggido. A total of 32 families, 63 genera, 102 species were examined. Ectomycorrhizae were observed in the following 13 general of Pinaceae (Pinus Larix, Picea, Abies), Salicaceae (Populus, salix), Betulace (Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Corpylus), Fagaceae(Quercus, Casianea), and Tiliaceae (Tilia), Endomycorrhizae (vesicular-arbuscular) were observed in Populus and the rest of the 49 genera. Rhus was the only genus which did not have either ecto- or endomycorrhizae, while foreign literature listed following genera having both mycorrhizal types: Juniperus, Cupressus, Populus, Salix, Juglans, Alnus, Ulmus, Malus, Pyrus, and Tilia. Juniperus, Ulmus, Pyrus, and Acer which were reported to have facultative ectomycorrhizae were free of ectomycorrhizae, Some morphological characteristics of endomycorrhizae are shown in photogrphs and discussed.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.259-265
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• 2002

Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), a member of the genus Ilarvirus, was detected and isolated from diseased 'Fuji' apple (Malus domestica) in Korea. The coat protein (CP) genes of two ApMV strains, denoted as ApMV-Kl and ApMV-K2, were amplified by using the reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and were analyzed thereafter. The objectives were to define the molecular variability of genomic information of ApMV found in Korea and to develop virus-derived resistant gene source for making virus-resistant trans-genic apple. RT-PCR amplicons for the APMVS were cloned and their nucleotide sequences were determined. The CPs of ApMV-Kl and ApMV-K2 consisted of 222 and 232 amino acid residues, respectively. The identities of the CPs of the two Korean APMVS were 93.1% and 85.6% at the nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively. The CP of ApMV-Kl showed 46.1-100% and 43.2-100% identities to eight different ApMV strains at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. When ApMV-PV32 strain was not included in the analysis, ApMV strains shared over 83.0% and 78.6% homologies at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. ApMV strains showed heterogeneity in CP size and sequence variability. Most of the amino acid residue differences were located at the N-termini of the strains of ApMV, whereas, the middle regions and C-termini were remarkably conserved. The APMVS were 17.(1-54.5% identical with three other species of the genus Ilarviyus. ApMV strains can be classified into three subgroups (subgroups I, II, and III) based on the phylogenetic analysis of CP gene in both nucleotide and amino acid levels. Interestingly, all the strains of subgroup I were isolated from apple plants, while the strains of subgroups II and III were originated from peach, hop, or pear, The results suggest that ApMV strains co-evolved with their host plants, which may have resulted in the CP heterogeneity.