• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.35-57
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• 2010

This study focuses on how prosodically and morphologically based OT constraints are implemented in voicing and place assimilations in English. It is revealed that prosodically based ID-ONS(V) applies to both assimilations except for assimilations occurring with irregular inflection morphemes. Morphologically based meta-constraint ranking, however, plays a role only in progressive voicing assimilation with regular inflection morphemes and regressive place assimilation with complex words. Thus, prosodically and morphologically based constraints are differently implemented in assimilation processes in English. The study shows that general faithfulness constraints should be decomposed into more specified constraints. It is also revealed that the general direction of assimilation is regressive in English and it might be reversed if morphological facts are involved in the process (Lombardi, 2001).

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.23-48
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• 2003

This paper provides an analysis of the linear constituent order of the NP in three different types of languages based on 33 languages: the NP with the prenominal modifiers, the NP with the postnominal modifiers, and the NP with both prenominal and postnominal modifiers (the mixed NP). Languages have NPs that feature different linear order, of the NP constituents. We attribute such different linear constituent orders within the NP to the linguistic distance and the limits imposed by the constituency and adjacency. We use the various kinds of alignment constraints which properly reflect the linguistic distance between the noun and each constituent. Language universals on word order provide us some general orders of various NP constituents. If we adopt the linguistic distance, the limits imposed by the constituency and the adjacency, and the alignment constraints, we can explain the complicated differences of NP constituent orders of languages of the world.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.228-234
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• 1992

There has been general tendency to explain the traditional ginseng efficacy through the pharmacological and biochemical activities of ginsenosides. However, when we analyze the pharmacological and biological data on ginseng reported yet, we can easily arrive at the conclsion that most of the data on pharmacological and biological activities must have been obtained using impure ginsenoside samples, which should contain some non-saponin constituents as impurities. Based on the above back-ground, the non-saponin constituents of ginseng were studied in our laboratory. Phenolic substances including Maltol, Vanillic Acid, Salicylic Acid, Ferrulic Acid and Caffeic acid and impure ginsenoside samples were found to show strong antioxidant and anti-fatigue activities, while pure ginsenosides were devoid of the activities. Maltol, one of antioxidant components In Korean red ginseng drew a special interest due to its very low pro-oxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of ginseng may be considered as scientific basis for the antiageing activity which was described in traditional medicinal material book as "long-term medication of ginseng will improve bio-efficiency and extend life-span" The lignin components, another non-saponin consitutents, isolated from ginseng extract In our laboratory may eplain the hepato-protective activity of ginseng which has been repeatedly rtaimed as one of the efficacies of ginsenosides. The P-carboline alkaloids isolated in our laboratory as one of the non-saponin constituents of ginseng may play some pharmacological activities which should also be investigated. Present paper will include chemistry and biochemical aspects of the non-saponin constituents of ginseng with special interests for the explanation of traditional ginseng efficacy on modern scientific basis.fic basis.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.31-47
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• 1983

This study was performed to investigate how much chemical constituents are contained and to what extent they are spread in the major streams running through Taegu City, i. e.: Yeechun, Beomeo, Chilsung, Dalseo, during the seven months Period between March to September, 1982. Nine constituents, pH, DO, COD, T-N, $NH_4-N, NO_2-N, NO_3-N, Cl^-, SO_4--$ and $PO_4-P---$, were found to be-contained in those streams. The results of the survey are summarized as follows. 1) Each chemical constituent detected in the five streams has the following variation range. pH(7.0-9.10), DO (ND-7.46ppm), COD (5.4-173ppm), T-N(13-42ppm), $NH^+_$-N$ (10.2-32.2ppm), $NO^-_2-N$ (0.007-2.53ppm), $NO^-_3-N$ (0.005-2.16ppm), $Cl^-$ (150-469 ppm), $SO_4^{3-}$ (71-1000ppm), $PO_4^{3-}-P$ (0.9-53ppm) The amount of all the constituents except pH, and $NO_3-N$, exceeded the standard value allowed for drinking, farming, and industrial water. 2) The monthly variation in the amount of each constituent differs according to the station from which it was sampled, but in general, the amount increased during the season from March to July when the rainfall was little while it decreased in August when the rainfall was abundant. 3) A statistical analysis of the constituents shows positive correlations that T-N and $NH^+_4-N$, water temperature and $NO^-_3-N$, but there were no ones beween the COD and $NH^+_4-N$ 4 ) The degree of COD pollution in each stream is in the following order. Kongdan, Yeechun, Beomeo, ChiLsung, and Dalseo. 5) Five major streams in Taegu City, Yeechun, Beomeo, Chilsung Dalseo, and Kongdan, are so narrow in width and so short in length that they flow into the Sincheon river or the Gumho river without undergoing self-purification. The increase in population and various kinds of industrial pollutants make the supply insufficient and water pollution inevitable. 4 ) The degree of COD pollution in each stream is in the following order. Kongdan, Yeechun, Beomeo, ChiLsung, and Dalseo.

• CELLMED
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.5.1-5.2
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• 2019

Unani medicine utilizes Terminalia bellerica (known as balela in Unani classics) for the treatment of diseases such as obesity, diarrhea, weakness of digestive system, ageing, greying of hairs, weakness of memory and eyesight, strengthening of immunity, general weakness etc. This paper briefly review this worthwhile drug for its general morphology, chemical constituents, dosage, pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses, compound formulations in Unani medicine and experimental studies.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.149-163
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• 1986

To determine contents of general constituents of Ganoderma lucidum in Korea, the dried carpophores were analyzed. The contents of water, ash, crude lipid, crude protein and crude cellulose were 14.6, 2.0, 3.3, 23.6, and 59.0%, respectively. Among reducing sugars, maltose was the most abundant. Seventeen free amino acids were detected, showing alanine the highest value. The pH of hot water extract was 4.1-4.2. The spores of Ganoderma lucidum was flat and ovoidal long. Their size was $6.3-7.1{\times}3.5-4.3{\times}2.0-2.5\;{\mu}m$ long. To examine effects of life span against sarcoma-180 cells, Fractions A, B and C, were obtained from the extract of Ganoderma lucidum. The survival rates of Fractions A, B and C were 131.7, 162.5, and 141.7 %, respectively. In addition, to examine effects of Fraction B on cell-mediated immunity, delayed type hypersensitivity (=DTH) test was conducted. It restored the suppressed DTH in the sarcoma-180 bearing group up to 66.7%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.385-398
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• 2007

It was analysed that spatial and temporal change patterns of general water quality constituents were measured monthly from 2002 to 2005 in Jumunjin Harbour. The measured constituents are temperature, salinity, pH, SS and DO. Concentration difference of upper lower layer for general water quality constituents was small. Temperature and DO concentration show the clear difference at temporal concentration change pattern, but SS, pH and salinity have irregular change pattern. Also, water quality improvement effect of seawater exchange facilities and sewage treatment plants is analysed quantitatively using averaged spatial and temporal data set. From this result, it is found that effect of sewage treatment plants is small and seawater exchange facilities at zone 1 and 2 is clear concentration reduction effect to be about 26% and 16%, respectively. After sewage treatment plants operation, DO concentration reduced about 10% at inner zone of Jumunjin Harbour, the other side, after seawater exchange facilities concentration DO concentration increased about 10%. DO concentration at 2005 estimated little than that of 2002, it is concluded that a yearly change of DO concentration has about 10%.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.95-101
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• 1977

Substance A, white prismatic crystal, mp $134{\sim}135,\;C_{29}H_{50}O$, substance B, white needle crystal, mp $131{\sim}132^{\circ},\;C_{17}H_{28}O_4$ and substance C colorless oils, bp $84{\sim}85,\;C_{15}H_{24}O$ were isolated from the underground portion of Valeriana fauriei var. dasycarpa $H_{ARA}$(Valerianaceae) according to Thies method. Substance A was confirmed as known sterol, ${\beta}-sitosterol$ by chemical and spectral discussions. Substance B was estimated as hitherto unknown sesquiterpenoid, 11-acetoxylhydroxyvaleranone by chemical and spectral discussions. Substance C was proposed as hitherto unknown sesquiterpenoid 1, 4-dimethyl-7-isopropenyl 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10-hexahydroazulene-1-ol by chemical and spectral discussions, and the general biogenetic considerations.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.52-65
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• 2012

Objectives: Toad venom, called Chan-Su, is a traditional Oriental medicine secreted from the auricular and the skin glands of the Bufo bufo gargarizanz Cantor or B. melanosticus Schneider and has been widely used in China, Korea and other parts of Asia for the treatment of pain, heart conditions, and cancer. We examined the concentrations of the main chemical constituents within a commercially available toad venom product and compared the levels for different extraction methods. Methods: Toad venom was extracted using either cold or hot water, ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), or ethyl acetate (EtOAc), was fractionated using precipitation or reflux, and was then analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HTLC), and liquid chroma-tography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Individual components were identified by comparisons of the retention times, the ultraviolet spectra, and mass spectras and differences in chemical constituents for different solvents and extraction methods are presented. Results: Components with authentic standards, including serotonin and bufodienolides (cinobufagen, bufalin, cinobufalin, and resibufogenin), were detected. The water extract of toad venom contained the greatest amount of serotonin ($75.7{\pm}0.1$ mg/g), but very small amounts of bufodienolides ($3.8{\pm}0.0$ mg/g). In contrast, the use of MeOH or EtOH extraction solutions resulted in 5-26 times higher concentrations of bufodienolides, with only trace amounts of serotonin. The relative and the absolute concentrations of the component also varied based on the extraction method; i.e., EtOH extracts yielded the greatest total amounts of bufodienolides, and EtOAc precipitation had the lowest amounts of bufodienolides. Conclusions: Toad venom consists of serotonin and several bufodienolides, and the choice of solvent to extract chemical the constituents is important as a way to enrich the purported active components for treating different conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.58-59
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• 1996