• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.891-903
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• 2017

In recent days, school violence has been rising as a significant social problem. The occurrence of school violence can be fueled by a wide range of social and environmental contexts, thus it is very difficult to come up with the ultimate solution. Community CPTED program is one of the more comprehensive set of efforts that has been developed to prevent crime in general, and the primary focus of the study is to investigate suitable components of CPTED to prevent school violence based on the physical conditions of communities as well as the perception of residents outside of school grounds, in the vicinity of schools. Three sets of analyses in series were employed in the research. First, Ward's minimum-variance cluster analysis was used to classify the places where school violence can occur outside of school grounds based on the physical conditions recognized by local residents. Next, Importance-Performance Analysis was performed to analyze the perception of local residents about the importance and the effectiveness of CPTED components in preventing school violence. Subsequently, Ordered Logit Model was used to analyze the local residents' awareness on safety regarding school violence in their community space. Combining the results of the analyses, the priority of the community CPTED applications to prevent school violence outside of school was derived. Reflecting the local residents' perception on safety of students in their community, the sense of security in communities against school violence can be reinforced by the communities' sensible efforts in creating safer environment for their students.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.116-133
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• 2002

Background : It is very common in Korea to take care of non-acute patients in an acute setting, due to the lack of long-term facilities. Long term hospitalization increase medical expenses and decreases the bed utilization, which can affect the urgent and emergent admissions, and eventually jeopardize the hospital financially. In this study, strategies for effective transfers to the lower levels of care, and to decrease the length of stay were presented by surveying and analyzing the patient's knowledge of the transfer needs, and the willingness to transfer those whose hospital length of stay was more than 30days. Method : The survey is subject to a group of 251 patients who have been hospitalized over 30 days in a general hospital in Seoul. Excluding those that were in the Intensive Care Unit and psychiatric ward, 214 in-patients were used as participants. They were surveyed from April 9, 2002 to April 17, 2002. One hundred and thirty seven out of 214 were responded which made the response rate 64%. Data were analyzed by SAS and SPSS. Result : Multi-variable Logistic Regression Analysis showed a significant effect in medical expenses, knowledge of referral system and the information of the receiving hospital. The financial burden in medical expenses made the patient 10.7 times more willing to be transferred, knowledge of the referral system made them 5 times more willing to be transferred, and the information of receiving hospital makes 6.5 times more willing to be transferred. Reasons for willing to be transferred to a lower level of care were the phase of physical therapy, the distance from home, the attending physician's advice and being unable to be treated as an out patient. Reasons for refusing to be transferred were the following. The attending physician's competency, not being ready to be discharged, not trusting the receiving hospital's competency due to the lack of information, or never hearing about the referring system by the attending physician. Conclusion : Based on this, strategies for the effective transfer to the lower levels of care were suggested. It is desirable for the attending physician to be actively involved by making an effort to explain the transfer need, and referring to the Healthcare Coordinating Center, which can help the patient make the right decision. Nationwide networking for the referral system is the another key factor that may need to be suggested as an alternative to decrease the medical expenses. Collaborating with the Home Health Agency for the early discharge planning and the Social Service Department for financial aid are also needed. It is recommended that the hospital should expedite the transfer process by prioritizing the cost and the information as medical expenses, knowledge of referring system and the information of the receiving hospital, are the most important factors to the willingness to transfer to a lower level of care.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.393-406
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to find out women's need and level of knowledge about episiotomy, pain and discomfort related to episiotomy on a cross-sectional survey design. The subjects were 102 postpartal women agreed on oral consent. 34 postpartal women admitted at obstetric ward of H university hospital, 34 postpartal women admitted at 2 Sanhujoriwons, and 34 women within one year afterbirth. They were selected in Seoul, Korea. Data were collected from July, 1 to September 30, 2000, by a structured questionnaire. The instrument used for this study was a questionaire consisted of 5 items of general characteristics, 12 items of obstetric characteristics, 10 items of level of knowledge (Chronbach $\alpha$ .8176), 8 items of need of education(Chronbach $\alpha$ .8836), 3 items of pain (Chronbach $\alpha$ .9252), and 3 items of discomfort (Chronbach $\alpha$ .8092). The data were analyzed by the SPSS/PC+ program using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe test as a post hoc and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The results of the study were as follows; 1. 63.2% of respondents had right answer on 6-8 items among 10 items. Only 4.4% of women got right answer on 10 items all. 2. The need of education was high(4.45%) on all items and the range of score was $4.25{\sim}4.64$. 3. The strength of pain was the highest within one week afterbirth(5.93/10) and became lower in 8-14 days afterbirth(2.55). And after 15days of postpartum, the pain level became to the lowest level(1.08). However, pain was delayed until more than one month afterbirth. 4. The level of discomfort was the highest one week afterbirth(6.88/10) and became lower in 8-14 days afterbirth(4.20). And after 15days of postpartum, the discomfort level became to the lowest level(2.47). Universally, the degree of discomfort was higher than pain. 5. There was a strong positive correlation between discomforts and pain ($r=.752^{**}$) and weak positive correlation between discomforts and the level of educational need($r=.308^*$). In conclusion, women have a right to choose whether she will have episiotomy or not according to her decision making based on the comprehensive knowledge of episiotomy before they get episiotomy with consent process and explanation in detail. Women health care providers like nurses have a responsibility to do conscious raising and empowerment for women so that they could lead themselves to choose given medical treatments for women's health and wellbeing and the quality of life in her life cycle.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.198-206
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• 2020

Purpose: The rapid response team is a patient safety system that detects symptoms and signs of deteriorating inpatients and provides intervention and treatment. This study analyzed the factors influencing the activation time of the team. Methods: This is a descriptive correlation study that analyzed the electronic medical records of patients activated by the rapid response team. The collection period was from January 2014 to December 2017. We analyzed 278 pieces of data activated by the rapid response team for patients aged 16 years or older at C University S Hospital in Seoul. We employed the SPSS 23.0 program for data analysis. Results: The reasons for activation of the rapid response team were oxygen saturation of less than 90.0%, other causes, and change in consciousness. The most common diagnosis of activated patients was respiratory failure (32.4%). The average activation time was 153.43±286.05 min. The activation time was shortest during convulsions (13.29±7.32 min). For patients with a history of kidney disease (B=0.58, p=.008), in case of surgery (B=0.55, p<.001), if the first symptom is mediated by the physician (B=0.53, p=.007) the active time is often extended. On the other hand, activation time is reduced when consciousness changes (B=-0.51, p=.002), especially when oxygen saturation is below 90.0% (B=-0.64, p<.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it is expected that patients deteriorating in the general ward would be recognized early, which will help in the effective activation of the rapid response team.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.3-16
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for hospitalized children under the condition of painful procedure. Method: The data were collected from July 15th to Oct 30, 2003 from 68 hospitalized children suffer from acute disease, 68 mothers take care of children, 14 pediatric ward nurses. To evaluate the degree of pain perception of children, mothers & nurses, face pain rating scale and behavior characteristic were used. Result: The result were as follows. 1) The pain perception score of children, mothers & nurses. child perceived highest as the score of 3.60 2) The most frequent behavioral characteristic children were 'crying(47.1%)' mothers were 'soothing the child(54.4%)' and nurses were 'support not to move(52.9%)' 3) The degree of pain perception of children, mothers and nurses according to subjects' general characteristics and painful procedure, there were stastical difference according to children's age, mothers age and duration of painful procedure 4) There were significant correlation between the degree of pain perception and behavioral characteristics of children, mothers & nurses. Conclusion: Nurses should not underestimate children's pain and need to provide knowledge and information to the child and their parents regarding painful procedure.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate pediatric nurses' perception and knowledge about pediatric hospice and palliative care. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 132 nurses who are stationed in pediatric wards and intensive care units. The participants were requested to fill out a questionnaire comprising 23 items for perception and 20 items for knowledge. Data were collected after obtaining written consent. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. Results: Participants perceived difficulties in pediatric hospice palliative care, especially communication with patients and their families. The differences of perception among participants were observed according to pediatric hospice and palliative care experience, but not general characteristics. Participants' knowledge was $8.83{\pm}2.64$. Nurses who work in a ward showed higher level of knowledge about pediatric hospice/palliative care. Conclusion: An education program should be developed and provided to pediatric nurses to improve their perception and knowledge about pediatric hospice/palliative care.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.417-422
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• 2019

Hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures show a remarkably high mortality rate of 40% to 60%. However, their standard of care remains controversial. We report here a case of a 78-year-old woman who was admitted to the Emergency Department with pelvic pain following a fall. Based on pelvic radiography, she was diagnosed with an unstable pelvic fracture. Her blood pressure was 60/40 mmHg, and owing to her unstable vital signs, emergency angiography was performed without computed tomography (CT). Both internal iliac arteries were embolized without sub-branch selection for prompt control of pelvic bleeding. Following embolization, her vital signs were stabilized. Subsequent CT revealed free intra-abdominal air, suggesting bowel perforation had occurred and necessitating emergency laparotomy. An approximately 1 cm-sized free perforation of the small intestine was identified intraoperatively, and primary closure was performed. A retroperitoneal hematoma identified intraoperatively was not explored further because it was a non-expanding and non-pulsatile mass. The patient was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit and transferred to the general ward on postoperative day 3. In this case, the hemodynamically stable pelvic fracture with bowel perforation was successfully and safely treated by prompt angioembolization without conducting CT.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.424-437
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics and stigma of children and adolescents, and the message types for them in NPO's fundraising advertisement videos in Korea. The subjects are 152 children and adolescents in 147 videos from seven major non-profit organizations. The analysis tools were constructed based on prior studies, and it was carried out after preliminary study. The results are as follows. First, the characteristics of children and adolescents indicated that the ratio of children and infants, main-role, poverty situation, one-parent family, and ward-role appeared the most. Second, 'general' was the highest in the stigma format, and 'hazard' and 'mark' was high in the challenge format. Third, the stigma message was the highest in message type. Finally, as of 2014, the ratio of stigma message and value-exclusion message increased, and the ratio of challenge message and mixed message decreased. The research suggests that a paradigm shift in the format of NPO's typical fundraising advertisement videos is necessary, as the videos may not protect the human rights of children and adolescents and may have negative effects such as stigma.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.75-85
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• 2018

Purpose: This study examined the Poisoning Severity Score (PSS) from acute poisoning patients, to determine the relationships among the PSS, PSSsum, the primary outcome (prolonged stay at the ER over 24 hours, general ward and ICU admission and the application of intubation and mechanical ventilator, and the administration of inotropes). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted through the EMR for 15 months. The PSS grade was classified according to the evidence of symptoms and signs. The differences in the primary outcomes between the PSS of when a single organ was damaged, and the PSS, PSSsum combined with the grade of when multiple organs were damaged, were studied. The cutoff value was calculated using the receiving operating characteristics (ROC) curve. Results: Of the 284 patients; 85 (29.9%) were men with a mean age of 48.8 years, and their average arrival time to the ER was $4.4{\pm}6.7\;hours$. The most frequently used drug was hypnotics. The number of patients with PSS grade 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 17, 129, 122, 24, and one, respectively. No ICU admissions, application of intubation and mechanical ventilators, administration of inotropes were observed among the patients with PSS grades 0 and 1 but only on patients with PSS grades 2 to 4. At PSS, when separating the patients according to the number of damaged organs, 17 had no symptoms, 133 had one organ damaged, 75 had two organs damaged, 36 had three organs damaged, and 23 had four organs damaged. Significant differences were observed between increasing number of damaged organs and the primary outcome. Conclusion: Among the acute poisoning patients, the PSS was higher in severity when the grade was higher. The number of damaged organs and the primary outcome showed meaningful statistical differences. This study confirmed that when the patients' PSS>2 and PSSsum>5, the frequency of ICU admission was higher, and they were considered to be severe with an increased prescription risk of application of intubation and mechanical ventilator, and the administration of inotropes.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2021

Objectives : QTc prolongation due to antipsychotics is of major concern because it may lead to fatal ventricular arrhythmia such as torsade de pointes. However, few studies have been conducted on QTc prolongation due to antipsychotics, especially in South Korea. This study aimed to investigate how demographic and clinical variables affect QTc interval in patients with schizophrenia. Methods : By retrospectively reviewing medical records, we assessed QTc interval, demographic data and clinical features of 441 (175 males) patients with schizophrenia who admitted to the psychiatric ward of a general hospital. To explore the predictive factors for QTc interval, hierarchical regression analysis was performed with QTc interval as the dependent variable. Results : The mean QTc interval was 417.2±28.4 ms. In the hierarchical regression analysis, the use of short-acting antipsychotic injection was the strongest predictor of the QTc prolongation. Conclusions : This study demonstrated that the use of short-acting antipsychotic injection may affect QTc prolongation in patients with schizophrenia. This result suggests that more attention should be paid to the use of short-acting antipsychotic injection in the treatment of schizophrenia.