• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.151-158
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• 2012

Objectives : We hypothesized that reinforcing-reducing manipulations produce different effects by quantity of stimulation, and examined whether the difference is statistically significant or not. Methods : The study was conducted to the students of College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University. We needled into $ST_{36}$ and applied 6 kinds of basic reinforcing-reducing manipulations in Huang di nei jing by randomized sequence. And we had the students to fill up the questionnaire in form of visual analog scale(VAS). We examined whether significant differences in VAS existed between reinforcing-reducing manipulations(by t-test). And we examined whether significant differences in VDRRT(VAS difference between reinforcing-reducing technique) values existed along the gender, body mass index(BMI), age(by t-test), and psychological sensitivity(by ANOVA). Results : 1. The total stimulation quantity from reducing technique was significantly higher than that from reinforcing technique. Individually VAS values of reducing techniques were significantly higher in rotation, slow-rapid, lift-thrust, respiration and open-close manipulation. 2. The highest stimulation quantity was from rotation manipulation. And the highest VDRRT value was from slow-rapid manipulation. 3. When VDRRT values were analyzed by gender, age, BMI, and psychological sensitivity, VDRRT was significantly different by BMI in rotation manipulation, and by psychological sensitivity in rotation, lift-thrust, and slow-rapid manipulation. Conclusions : We could verify that reinforcing-reducing techniques induce different therapeutic effects by different quantities of stimulations. It suggests that reinforcing-reducing techniques could be applied universally, regardless of gender or age. Further studies are needed to consider control group, or patient groups in characteristic conditions.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.65-76
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• 2009

This study aims to characterize the sensibility image and interaction effect of striped necktie according to same-tone coordination and 1:2:3 area-ratio variation on the gender. The experimental materials developed for this study are a set of stimuli and response scales. The stimuli consist of 56 color pictures manipulated with every combination of 4 different colors, 2 different tones and 7 different area-ratio. The 7-point scale designed for visual evaluation of sensibility image included 26 bipolar adjectives. The subjects were 1344 undergraduate students in Gyeongnam, Seoul, Busan, and Daegu areas. The results of this study were as follows. The analyses of sensibility images in terms of same-tone coordination and 1:2:3 area-ratio variation of stripe necktie reveal that the concerned factors are of five characteristic dimensions of attractiveness, youth-activity, appeal, ability, and warmness. In the 5 factors of sensibility image, color combination and tone showed independent effect. In addition, significant interaction effects of area-ratio and tone on appeal and ability were found. Interaction effects of gender and area-ratio on youth-activity were found. Interaction effects of gender and tone on warmness were found. Interaction effects of color combination and tone on appeal and warmness were found. The study results are highly expected to be used as useful sources in developing men's coordination.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.216-228
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• 2009

The purpose of the study was to investigate the influences of contract foodservice managers' personal characteristics, foodservice characteristics and organizational characteristics on job satisfaction, including interpersonal relationships, self-actualization and promotion opportunity categories. A survey was administered to four hundred contract foodservice managers of five large companies and five small/medium companies in the Seoul and Kyungin areas. The final response rate was 66%(N=265), and the data were analyzed using SPSS Windows(ver. 12.0). The respondents were 76.1% female, average age 28.8 years, and 73.0% were regular workers. Contract foodservices have profit and loss contracts(69.1%), single menu types(59.6%) and buffet serving styles(37.7%). There are significant differences of job satisfaction by some personal characteristic variables(gender, martial status, age, education, position, work hours, period of working for the present company, and payroll per year) and foodservice characteristic variables(type of contract and charge of food costs). In three job satisfaction categories, foodservice managers reported the highest interpersonal relationship satisfaction, following self-actualization satisfaction and promotion opportunity satisfaction in both large companies and small/medium companies. However, foodservice managers of large companies tended to be more satisfied regarding their promotion opportunities than foodservice managers of small/medium companies(p<0.05). Work hours, number of meals served/day, male, workload, communication with the clients, relationship with co-workers, obvious role and autonomy were significant factors to increase the job satisfaction in contract foodservices of large companies. On the other hand, relationships with co-workers and males were significant factors to increase the job satisfaction in contract foodservices of small/medium companies. This research suggests that contract foodservice companies need to understand the characteristics of their managers, foodservices and organizations to enhance the job satisfaction of foodservice managers and to develop specified human resource management strategies that can be applied to each company scale.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.506-515
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to validate abuse outcomes included Nursing Outcomes Classification(NOC) developed by Johnson and Maas at the University of Iowa. A sample of 71 nurse experts working in university affiliated hospitals participated in this study. They were asked to rate indicators that examplified the outcomes on a scale of 1 (indicator is not at all characteristic) to 5(indicator is very characteristic). A questionnaire with an adaptation of Fehring's methodology was used to establish the content validity of outcomes. The results were as follows: 1. All indicators were considered to be 'supporting' and no indicators were considered to be 'nonsupporting'. 2. 'Abuse Recovery : Emotional' attained an OCV score of 0.780 and was the highest OCV score among abuse outcomes. The highest indicator was 'demonstration of positive interpersonal relationship'. 3. 'Abuse cessation' attained an OCV score of 0.739 and was the lowest OCV score among abuse outcomes. The highest indicator was 'physical abuse has ceased'. 4. 'Abuse Protection' attained an OCV score of 0.743 and the highest indicator was 'plans for avoiding abuse'. 5. 'Abuse Recovery: Financial' attained an OCV score of 0.762 and the highest indicator was 'court-ordered benefits received'. 6. 'Abuse Recovery: Physical' attained an OCV score of 0.767 and the highest indicator was 'resolution of physical health problem'. 7. 'Abuse Recovery: Sexual' attained an OCV score of 0.768 and the highest indicator was 'expression of confidence with gender identity'. More outcomes need to be validated and outcomes sensitive to Korean culture need to be developed.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.86-93
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• 2017

Purpose In this study, radiation workers who work in nuclear medicine department were analyzed to find the cause of differences of radiation exposure from General Characteristic, Knowledge, Recognition and Conduct, especially females working on nuclear medicine radiation, in order to pave the way for positive defense against radiation exposure. Materials and Methods The subjects were 106 radiation workers who were divided into two groups of sixty-four males and forty-two females answered questions about their General Characteristic, Knowledge, Recognition, Conduct, and radiation exposure dose which was measured by TLD (Thermo Luminescence Dosimeter). Results The results of the analysis revealed that as the higher score of knowledge and conduct was shown, the radiation exposure decreased in female groups, and as the higher score of conduct was shown, the radiation exposure decreased in male groups. In the correlation analysis of female groups, the non-experienced in pregnancy showed decreasing amount of radiation exposure as the score of knowledge and conduct was higher and the experienced in pregnancy showed decreasing amount of radiation exposure as the score of recognition and conduct was higher. In the regression analysis on related factors of radiation exposure dose of nuclear medicine radiation workers, the gender caused the meaningful result and the amount of radiation exposure of female groups compared to male groups. In the regression analysis on related factors of radiation exposure dose of female groups, the factor of conduct showed a meaningful result and the amount of radiation exposure of the experienced in pregnancy was lower compared to the non-experienced. Conclusion The conclusion of this study revealed that radiation exposure of female groups was lower than that of male groups. Therefore, male groups need to more actively defend themselves against radiation exposure. Among the female groups, the experienced in pregnancy who have an active defense tendency showed a lower radiation exposure. Thus, those who have never been pregnant need to have a more active defensive conduct for the future possibility of pregnancy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.638-653
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• 2014

The structure of noble centered social status of the late Joseon Dynasty collapsed due to the commoner's higher status and increased level of consciousness caused by the growth of commerce and agriculture. In art, the a Korean and ethnical style dominated; however, with a diversity in the depiction of human figures in portraits, Buddhist paintings, genre paintings and folklore paintings. This study examines the diversity in human figures expressed in the paintings of the late Joseon Dynasty by expanding the common aesthetic fixed to the typical Joseon style of renowned painters. The conclusion of this study is as follows. The human figure is categorized into three different types of 'realistic', 'ideal', and 'distortion' based on the aesthetic category. First, the realistic type is defined literally by its realistic and detailed depiction of noble class portraits classified as extreme type and general type. The extreme type's formative element is hypersubtlety which includes a simultaneous aesthetic of aptness and ugliness. The general type shows subtlety with aesthetic of aptness. Second, the ideal type is defined by representing the standard form of time and criteria classified as beautified type, absolute type, and dignified type. Each shows a different character of gender of femininity, androgyny, and masculinity. Third, distortion types are defined by a characteristic expression of humans by transshaping the features in various methods categorized as grotesque, abjection, friendly, rustic, and caricature type. Each shows different formative elements of bizarre, patheticness, voluptuous, inartificial, and immaturity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.503-510
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• 2013

This study aims to propose safety culture design to ease to find out and control behavior characteristics of Korean seafarers. By empirical research of 377 Korean seafarers, the result revealed that significant characteristic of Korean seafarers was "affection to others" and custom of Confucianism affected Korean maritime society prevalently. But there were no significant differences between groups, such as rank, age, gender and sailing route with vessel type except educational background. Furthermore, this study concluded that positive reinforcement was more useful than negative reinforcement to promote safety operation of vessels. Regarding the vessel's safety management, the fact that means for vessel's safety management are linked only to the levels of educational background suggests that the efficiency of vessel's safety operation would be achieved by introducing suitable safety management system depending on the level of educational background.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2011

This study has observed 12 parks (20 spots) in Seoul to know the number of users, gender, age groups for the units of 30 minutes from 06:00AM till 10:00PM. According to the systematic characteristic of the surveyed outdoor exercise place, the details of their users during the summer time were analyzed from the objective viewpoint. Major results of analysis are as follows: Firstly, in case of the riverside of the Han River 07:00AM marked a mini peak and 21:00PM reached the peak, and in case of sub-stream neighborhoods, 21:00PM showed only one peak. On the other hand, in case of neighborhood parks (including pocket park) no peak time was noticeable. Secondly, in case of the riverside of the Han River and the neighborhoods of sub-streams, people used the exercise equipment remarkably at night, and in case of neighborhood parks people used the exercise equipment a little bit more in the morning than in the afternoon. Thirdly, in case of nights in summer the riverside of the Han River was preferred by men, while the neighborhoods of sub-streams were preferred by women and the neighborhood parks showed no difference in the number of users among men and women. Fourthly, differently from men, women do not regard the exercise so seriously as men and their purpose of using outdoor exercise place is to use their leisure time mostly with their family members or neighbors, and women prefer light and comfortable exercises. Fifthly, in summer even those who like to exercise a lot like to exercise in the morning to avoid summer heat. Therefore, provision of shades in summer is very important.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.655-662
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate stress levels, dietary behaviors and food choices, and their correlations in college students. General characteristic stress scores, using a stress test, and the dietary behaviors and food choices of subjects under stress were measured in 358 subjects (185 males and 173 female). The mean total stress scores of the male and female students were $67.91{\pm}44.85$ and $85.62{\pm}48.91$, respectively. Female students were more stressed than males in relation to family, value, future, friends, and study related factors. There were gender differences in the food intake and frequency of eating sweet things when under stress. Stress increased the food intake and frequency of eating sweet things in female students. Especially, stress factors, such as value, economic, future, friends and study problems increased the food intake of female students. Female students preferred sweet tasting items; whereas, male students preferred hot tasting items when under stress. These results show the effect of life stresses on the dietary behaviors and food choices of college students. Stress not only increased energy consumption in certain individuals, but also changed their food choices. Therefore, education with regard to nutrition is necessary if college students are to practice good eating habits for the correct management of life stresses.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.7195-7200
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• 2015

Background: Since seventeen employees of an offset printing company in Osaka, Japan developed cholangiocarcinoma it has become recognized as an occupational cancer. This study investigated the differences of clinical features between occupational cholangiocarcinoma and sporadic young-onset cholangiocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four young adults (<50 years old) with sporadic cholangiocarcinoma were extracted from the Rosai Hospital Group database (sporadic group) and their clinical features were compared with those of 17 patients with occupational cholangiocarcinoma (occupational group). Results: The 34 patients in the sporadic group were treated for cholangiocarcinoma at 16 different Rosai hospitals. There were significant differences of age (p<0.01), gender (p<0.01), abnormal laboratory tests (p<0.01), and tumor location (p<0.01) between the two groups. The percentage of patients with abnormal laboratory tests was significantly higher in the occupational group than in the sporadic group (p<0.001). Regional dilation of bile ducts, which is a characteristic of occupational cholangiocarcinoma, was not observed in the sporadic group. Conclusions: No cluster of cholangiocarcinoma cases was identified in the Rosai Hospital database. There were differences of clinical features between occupational and sporadic cholangiocarcinoma, which might be helpful for diagnosing occupational cholangiocarcinoma in the future.