• 한국인구학
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.245-257
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• 2005

이 논문은 1993년에서 1998년까지 임금 노동자들의 소득을 분석하였다. 한국의 경제와 그에 따른 노동자들의 소득은 1997년 말에 시작된 경제위기와 IMF 경제하에서 급격한 변화를 겪었다. 소득이 어떻게 변화하였는지 교육, 성, 연령을 중요한 변수로 여기는 인적 자본론을 바탕으로 분석하였다. 1993년에서 1998년까지 소득변화에 미치는 성 효과는 어떤 유형을 찾기 어렵지만 교육 효과는 점차 감소하고 있으며 연령 효과는 급격히 감소하고 있다. 소득변화에 미치는 세 변수의 누적 효과는 증가하다가 감소하고 다시 증가하다가 감소하는 파도와 같은 모양을 보이지만 전체적으로는 점차 감소하고 있다. 이 논문은 패널조사로 구성된 원자료를 사용하였기 때문에 조사가 어려운 저소득층이 점차 줄어드는 제한점이 있다.

• 산업노동연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.1-45
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• 2017

이 연구의 목표는 1990년대말 이래 비정규직 확대와 함께 '위기후 한국노동시장'에서 심화되어 온 불평등의 조직적 메카니즘을 설명하는데 있다. 현재 한국사회에서 확산, 심화되고 있는 불평등은 개인이 아니라 젠더, 고용지위 등 개인이 속한 범주의 위치에 좌우되는 경향이 농후하다. 정규-비정규로 구분되는 고용형태는 단순히 특정 고용계약관계에 대한 지시어가 아니라 불평등 담론의 지형내에서 지위범주로 제도화되었으며, 젠더 등 오랜 기간 노동시장 격차에 작용해 온 여타 사회 범주와 결합해 노동시장 불평등을 고착하는데 기능하고 있다. 이 연구는 희소한 조직자원에 대한 접근능력을 기초로 자원접근과 보상의 배타성을 주장(claims making)하는 기존 내부자집단과 주변적 지위로 분류되고 배제된 외부자 집단간 관계적 불평등(relational inequality)에 주목하고, 한국의 맥락에서 관계적 불평등을 재생산하는 실질적 조직 관행(practices)으로서 연공성 임금의 역할을 분석하였다. 조직이 연공성 임금에 의존할수록 해당 조직의 비정규, 특히 여성비정규직의 비중이 체계적으로 증가하며, 정규직과 비정규직 간 임금 격차 역시 의미있게 증가한다는 점을 분석적으로 제시함으로써, 내부자가 이익 재생산을 위해 명시적 혹은 암묵적으로 요구하는 연공 임금체계가 노동시장 분절에 관계한다는 점을 입증하였다.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.179-193
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• 2006

Gender equality has been expected to realize fully in the process of globalization. According to neo-liberal, which views globalization as a rational development, irrational discrimination by culture will disappear. But some feminists criticize globalization as a patriarchal phenomenon. So in this paper, the extent to which women in Korea have achieved equality with men in the workforce is assessed through an examination of the gender gap during 1993-2003. As the result, it was found that women had still lower status than men in spite of laws established to promote gender equality. Then to explore the direction for eliminating the patriarchal gaps, women in traditional Korea were reviewed. Traditionally women were oppressed by the practice of Naeoe differentiating between women and men. But on the other hand it made women to have equal status with men by maintaining their own productive area. So it was suggested that differentiation should be considered as a source of power to be adopted into women's activitism such as NGOs or international women' movement to achieve full equality in inequitable globalization.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제10권9호
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• pp.237-243
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• 2020

본 연구는 채용과 승진에 있어 여성골프지도자들의 불평등한 현실을 조사하고 이를 극복 할 수 있는 대안을 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 이에 드라이빙레인지에 취업한 지도경력이 10년 이상 된 여성골프지도자 9명의, 심층인터뷰와 본 연구자의 참여 관찰로 이루어졌으며 영역분석과 분류분석을 활용하고 전문가의 협의, 삼각검증방법, 참여자들과의 재확인을 하였다. 연구 결과는 첫째, 여성골프지도자들은 사회적 인식과 먼저 진출한 남성골프지도자들의 네트워크에 동등한 경쟁을 할 수 없었다. 둘째, 여성골프지도자들은 한국사회에서 유교문화로 교육되어온 여성의 역할론에 충실했다. 셋째, 젠더 불평등 현실을 극복하기 위해서 스스로 교육을 선택해 자아존중감을 높이고 있었다. 넷째, 채용공고와 업무 표준화로 공정한 기회를 주어야 한다. 마지막으로, 선수의 비율은 곧 지도자의 비율로 이어지며 지도자의 수가 평등으로 가는 조건이 된다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국인구학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.33-50
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• 2002

본 연구는 교육수준 별 혼인표에서 나타나는 남녀 결혼의 비대칭성을 조사하여 남녀불평등 정도를 측정하고자 한다. 연구의 기본가정은 남녀간의 불평등이 존재할때는 남자가 결혼하는 유형과 여자가 결혼하는 유형이 다르다는 것이다. 남녀불평 등 정도가 큰 사회에서는 여자의 지위가 남자의 지위에 비해 높다는 사실을 받아들이기가 상대적으로 더 힘들다. 구체적인 연구의 목적은 혼인표의 비대칭성을 측정하기 위한 통계모형과 지수를 개발하는 것이다. 아울러 국가별로 다르게 나타나는 남녀불평등지수의 차이에 미친 원인을 찾아보고자 한다. 이 분야에서 남녀불평등정도의 차이에 관한 중요한 이론으로 논의되는 두 가지 이론은 산업화론과 정치 /문화이론이다. 이러한 연구목적을 위해 27여개의 교육수준일 혼인표가 분석되었다. 가설검증과 같은 방법으로 엄격하게 이론의 타당성을 살펴본 것은 아니지만, 분석결과를 통해서 몇 가지 시사점을 찾아볼 수 있다. 첫째, 상대적으로 덜 산업화된 국가들에 비해. 산업화가 많이 진척된 나라일수록 남녀불평등의 정도가 작다. 둘째. 다른 조건이 같다면, 정치제도가 선택결혼의 정도에 영향을 미친다. 셋째. 이러한 정치적인 요인뿐만 아니라 문화적인 요인도 적어도 결혼과 관련하여 남녀불평등 정도에 영향을 준 것으로 보여진다 요약하자면, 본 연구는 남녀불평등과 관련요인의 관계에 대해서 일종의 수정된 산업화이론을 시사하고 있다 즉, 대부분의 국가에서는 산업화의 진척에 따라 남녀불평등 정도가 작아진다 동시에 몇몇 국가에서는 그 나라 특유의 정치제도나 문화적 경험에 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 보인다. 이러한 결과는 산업화 정도에 따른 남녀 간 사회적 지위의 감소 등을 강조하는 기존의 이론을 부분적으로 확인하는 것이다. 동시에 단순이 산업화의 정도가 그러한 경향을 보장하는 것은 아니다라는 것을 강조하고 하고 있다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2012

Objectives: This study examined the trends in gender disparity in the self-rated health of people aged 25 to 64 in South Korea, a rapidly changing society, with specific attention to socio-structural inequality. Methods: Representative sample data were obtained from six successive, nationwide Social Statistics Surveys of the Korean National Statistical Office performed during 1992 to 2010. Results: The results showed a convergent trend in poor self-rated health between genders since 1992, with a sharper decline in gender disparity observed in younger adults (aged 25 to 44) than in older adults (aged 45 to 64). The diminishing gender gap seemed to be attributable to an increase in women;s educational attainment levels and to their higher status in the labor market. Conclusions: The study indicated the importance of equitable social opportunities for both genders for understanding the historical trends in the gender gap in the self-reported health data from South Korea.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.63-75
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• 2007

Purpose: With economic development and prolonged longevity, the level of health and health disparities have became growing concerns for individual and society as well. Since youth's health status are influenced by households' socioeconomic status and associated with heath status in later stage of life, assessing health inequality in the youth is a significant step toward lessening health disparity and promoting health. We measured health inequality in high school students and decomposed it into health factors. Methods: The subjects included 3,787 high school students of 12th graders from the Korea Education and Employment Panel (KEEP) in 2004. True health status was assumed as a latent variable and estimated by ordered logistic regression model. The predicted health was used as a measure of individual health after rPSraling to [0,1] interval. Total health inequality was then measured by Gini coefficient and was decomposed into health factors. Results: Health inequality in high school students was observed. Of total health inequality, 44% was explained by biological factors such as body mass index (BMI) (32.5%) and gender (13.5%). Behavioral factors such as smoking, drinking, physical activity, hours in bed and hours of computer ussge added to 11.7%. Household income and work experiences explained 5.6% and 8.8%, respectively. School satisfaction explained 14.6%. Other school related factors such as self-assessed achievement and experience of being bullied accounted for 15.5%. Conclusion: Among the health factors, biological factor was the most important contributor in health disparity. Other factors such as health behaviors, socioeconomic factors, school satisfaction and school related factors exhibited somewhat similar magnitude. For policy purposes, it is recommended to look into modifiable factors depending BM, gender and school surroundings.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.22-31
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• 2011

Objectives: We examined gender differential changes in employment-related health inequalities according to occupational position (professional/nonprofessional) in South Korea during the last decade. Methods: Data were taken from four rounds of Social Statistical Surveys of South Korea (1995, 1999, 2003, and 2006) from the Korean National Statistics Office. The total study population was 55435 male and 33913 female employees aged 25-64. Employment arrangements were divided into permanent, fixed-term, and daily employment. Results: After stratification according to occupational position (professional/nonprofessional) and gender, different patterns in employment - related health inequalities were observed. In the professional group, the gaps in absolute and relative employment inequalities for poor self-rated health were more likely to widen following Korea's 1997 economic downturn. In the nonprofessional group, during the study period, graded patterns of employment-related health inequalities were continuously observed in both genders. Absolute health inequalities by employment status, however, decreased among men but increased among women. In addition, a remarkable increase in relative health inequalities was found among female temporary and daily employees (p = 0.009, < 0.001, respectively), but only among male daily employees (p = 0.001). Relative employment-related health inequalities had clearly widened for female daily workers between 2003 and 2006 (p = 0.047). The 1997 Korean economic downturn, in particular, seemingly stimulated a widening gap in employment health inequalities. Conclusions: Our study revealed that whereas absolute health inequalities in relation to employment status increased in the professional group, relative employment-related health inequalities increased in the nonprofessional group, especially among women. In view of the high concentration of female nonstandard employees, further monitoring of inequality should consider gender specific patterns according to employee's occupational and employment status.

• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2022

Purpose - In spite of the growing importance of Taiwanese green industry, most of employees who work in this industry in Taiwan are dominated by males. Only a few females are working in this industry and their wage is lower. This research is applying role congruity theory which explains why females share only a small portion in Taiwan's green industry. This study addresses a research question, "How has the gender inequality and discrimination been reflected in the occupation structure of Taiwan's green industry? How has this gender occupation structure influenced females in the green industry?" Research design, data, and methodology - To find out the impact of gender role in the green industry, the dataset of the 2015 Taiwan Social Change Survey is used. Using STATA, t test has been implemented to address our research question with three hypotheses. Result -All of hypothesis were all supported. It is found there is a statistical difference in stereotypical thinking between female who work in the green industry and the non-green industry of Taiwan. The limited female representation in the green industry of Taiwan influences job matching and job satisfaction significantly. Conclusion - This study suggests the Taiwanese government should encourage STEM education for females and provide more relevant vocational education and training particularly for females' competency development in the green industry. By providing vocational education and training to meet the skill needs of greener economy resilient to climate change, Taiwan's green industry will grow further and will overcome gender inequality and discrimination.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.17-21
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• 2020

Purpose: This paper explores diverse issues related to the problem of women's unpaid domestic care work, and as a factor of gender inequality in their professional practice. Research Design: This article concentrated only on the analysis of secondary data available on the topic along with observation of facts in Kazakhstan based on diverse sources. In current conditions, the problem of women's unpaid domestic care work, and consequently, the lack of enough time and energy for professional employment. Distinguish domestic work vs. job/career/occupation, self-fulfillment, education, and leisure has a significant impact on women's life satisfaction. Data, and Methodology: This article focuses only on secondary data available in different sources from which the researchers procures comprehensive data and information. Results and conclusion: A family policy that aims to promote combining maternity, and domestic work with paid employment is an effective way to increase the proportion of working mothers/women. It is crucial to not only proportionally distribute the household responsibilities in the family but also to form an effective mechanism of state support for women through the development of the social services sector, as well as the adoption of a system-wide approach to gender equality.