• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2007

This study focuses on the relationship between ethnic identity of Asian-Americans and their appreciation of their ethnic body features, based on reference group theory. A convenience sample of 60 male and 52 female students from various Asian ethnicities attending a mid-western university was used for the study. A 2 (gender) by 2 (ethnic identification) by 2 (socializing group) analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) on body image satisfaction as dependent variable and Body Mass Index score as a covariate was conducted. A significant main effect of ethnic identification was found, which indicates the more respondents identified with their ethnic group, the more likely they were to be satisfied with their appearance. The social group affiliation main effect was not significant. The impact of ethnic identification was significant only for those respondents who socialize more with Americans than with Asians. The results support the idea that one's ethnic group functions as a reference group, which influences body image appraisals.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.229-239
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• 2008

Purpose: A phenomenology study was conducted to provide in-depth data to help in the understanding of young women who have become unmarried mothers. Method: In-depth interviews were done with 11 unmarried mothers from August 2002 to September 2003 Data were recorded and analyzed by Colaizzi method. Result: Significant statements consisted of 5 categories with 12 theme clusters accompanying each category. The categories were: "Sex as a tool" which included living and connections, "Sex as an expression of her desire" which included wanting and expression of love, "Sex to be dominated" which included significance, domination and negative aspects of sex, "Moral sex" which included secrecy, responsibility and connections with life, "Sex as a sense of identity" which included expression of gender and association with peer group. Conclusion: The results of this study will help indicate directions for care of unmarried mother, which should be based on a deep understanding of their personal perception of sexuality. Also, it can be utilized as basic materials for development of sex educational programs to prevent repeat pregnancies in unmarried women and information on consultion with unmarried mothers.

• 한국언어정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국언어정보학회 2007년도 정기학술대회
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• pp.450-458
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• 2007

Tombstone inscriptions represent a linguistic genre which yields insights in culture and language. Creating corpora from tombstones is thus a complementary approach for the study of languages and cultures. For the annotation of tombstone corpora, we propose TSML, the Tombstone-Markup-Language, developed during the massive annotation of Taiwanese tombstones and a number of tombstones from China, Indonesia and Europe. We discuss our conceptual framework in the annotation of tombstones and derive successively and present preliminary research data to show how the usefulness of the annotations. Finally, we will encourage researchers to participate in the specification of TSML to obtain soon an annotation language for annotations across cultures and languages.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.129-144
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• 1994

This research is to examine the homogeneity in premarital resources that is exchanged in mate selection and its effect on marital satisfaction among the urban couples in the early period of marriage. Structured questionnaires from 310 urban couples who had been married less than three years were analyzed in this study. First the urban couples tended to seek homogamous selection in age educational level in socioeconomic status of the parents and themselves, Second those who had a spouse from his(her) own religious parental socioeconomic status showed higher level of marital satisfaction than those who had not. The rewards from personal traits such as physical attractiveness gender-role identity personality role-expectation value orientation and perceived reward found to have strong and positive associations with marital satisfaction. Parental approval and semi-arranged marriage were associated with marital satisfaction. Third perceived rewards from these resources and parental approval had significant effects on marital satisfaction; almost half of marital satisfaction was explained by these premarital factors.

• 미국학
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.25-56
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• 2020

The essay examines two contemporary American plays that portray adult Korean American adoptees' return to South Korea: How to Be a Korean Woman (2012) by Sunmee Chomet and Middle Brother (2014) by Eric Sharp. While the existing scholarship on transnational adoption has discussed homecoming as a predominantly female experience of birth mothers and daughters, Chomet and Sharp suggest the differing ways in which the adoptee subjectivity is re-imagined in particularly gendered ways after homecoming. In these plays, adult adoptees' repeated, mundane bodily performances of Korean cultural norms illustrate how notions of femininity and masculinity are inscribed onto the body of adoptee individuals under the patriarchal system. Such performative construction of Korean-ness departs from the earlier theatrical representations of young, adolescent adoptees' homecoming that served as a symbolic rite of passage, a necessary process through which they would gain cultural hybridity and mature into cosmopolitan American-ness.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.49-64
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• 2017

본 연구는 청소년의 가족건강성, 공감능력과 행복감의 일반적인 경향을 알아보고, 가족건강성, 공감능력이 행복감에 미치는 영향력을 살펴봄으로써 이를 통해 청소년의 행복감을 증진하는데 도움을 주는 방향을 모색하고자 한다. 첫째, 청소년이 인식하는 공감능력은 '개인적 고통'을 제외한 '관점 취하기', '동일시', '공감적 관심'에서 중간 값 보다 높게 나타났으며 성별에 따른 공감능력의 차이를 살펴보면, 여학생이 남학생에 비해 전반적으로 공감능력이 높았다. 청소년이 인식하는 가족건강성은 하위영역 모두에서 중간 값보다 높게 나타났고, 성별에 따른 가족건강성의 차이를 살펴보면 '의사소통 및 유대'를 여학생이 남학생 보다 높게 인식하는 것으로 나타났다. 청소년이 인식하는 행복감은 중간 값보다 높게 나타났으며, 성별에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 청소년의 행복감에 공감능력 중 동일시, 공감적 관심, 개인적 고통이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 가족건강성의 하위변인 중 가족존중 및 애정, 역할공유 및 문제해결력, 재정적 안정이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 이들 변인들은 행복감을 39% 설명해 주고 있다. 따라서, 청소년의 행복감을 증진시키기 위해서는 건강한 가족관계 형성을 위한 가족관계 강화 프로그램을 활성화하고 공감능력 향상 프로그램을 개발하여 학교나 가정에서 지속적인 교육이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.90-104
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• 2007

Landmarks like high-rise building are one of the important elements for the enhancement of city identity and provides the hierarchy of city streets, playing a central and symbolic role in cities. Research on physical attribute of landmarks, such as height, distance, location and shape, which are suitable for a city scale, can help a city create a distinct image and maintain comprehensible structure. To achieve this purpose, it is necessary to understand the spatial and cognitive characteristics of a landmark for the establishment and management of it. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. The level of representativeness of a landmark increases in proportion to the degree of cognitive intensity on it. The relation between representativeness and cognitive intensity can be explained as the log-function as follows: Log(the number of people who respond "It has representativeness")=$-1.2579+1.5908{\times}$(cognitive intensity); 2. There are a few differences based on the attributes of respondents: while gender has no distinct influence, residential period and age show statistically meaningful influence on cognitive intensity of a vertical landmark Cognitive intensity of an individual landmarks especially, differs according to the class of main users. Because of frequent changes in occupation or employment, respondents consider the distance from a residential area more important than the distance from a working area in evaluating cognitive intensity of landmarks; 3. landmark can be classified into two kinds: a district landmark and an urban landmark A district landmark is closely connected with physical attributes of the landmark itself, such as distance, size and height. An urban landmark is mainly related to cognitive attributes such as the image and identity of a city as a whole. As a result, the landmark analysis data in this research provides spatial order and identity in a city. It is difficult to establish and reinforce the image of a city as a single element ike a landmark. However, withy steady follow-up research, this study could be seen as a systematic and logical model to improve urban landscape and image.

• 기독교교육논총
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• 제67권
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• pp.157-194
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• 2021

AI의 윤리의식 문제는 국제적인 것이며 지속적으로 나타나고 있다. AI는 어린아이처럼 인간의 모든 것을 습득하고 모방한다. 그러므로 현재 우리가 AI에게 요구하는 윤리의식은 먼저 인간에게 요구되는 윤리의식이며, 그 중심에는 인간에 대한 존엄성이다. 이에 본고는 AI 기술의 발전에 따른 인간의 정체성과 그 문제를 분석하고, 인간 존엄성의 신학적 전제와 특성을 변증하여, 인간의 존엄성 교육의 방향을 모색하는 연구를 진행하였다. 첫째, AI의 발전과 인간에 대해 논하였다. AI 기술의 발전은 인류의 전유물로 여겨지든 '이성 혹은 지성'을 AI이라는 기계와 공유하게 되었다. 그래서 AI 기계보다 탁월하며, 구별되는 인간성에 대한 의문이 제기된다. 둘째, 트랜스휴머니즘과 인간의 정체성에 대해 논하였다. 트랜스휴머니즘은 비효율적인 인간의 지능 개선과 인간 능력 향상을 위해, AI 기계와 인간의 결합을 주장해 왔다. 하지만 인간과 AI 기계의 결합으로 인한 인간 정체성에 대한 문제가 심각하게 제기되었다. AI 시대, 인간의 정체성은 하나님이 우리를 지으실 때 품으셨던 마음을 믿는 것이다. 셋째, 인간의 존엄성에 대한 신학적인 전제와 특성을 변증하였다. 인간의 존엄성은 세계 각국의 헌법과 국제인권조약의 핵심적 개념이다. 하지만 인간이 존엄하다는 선언적인 확신은 신학적 전제 없이는 이해하기 힘든 주장이다. 인간 존엄성의 신학적 전제는 천부로부터 생명을 부여받은 존엄한 존재라는 것에 있다. 또한 그 특성은 인간의 '선'과 '영원성'에 대한 갈망, 아름다움의 추구, 관계 속에서 행복한 존재라는 것에 있다. 넷째, 인간의 존엄성 교육의 방향을 제시하였다. 인간 존엄성 교육의 방향은 인간은 어떤 존재이며, 어떻게 생겨났으며, 얼마나 소중한 존재인지 일깨워주고, 의식하고, 최고의 가치로 받아들이게 하는 것이다. 그것은 인간의 정체성을 교육하는 것이며, 그 핵심은 어떠한 형편이든 - 빈부격차, 지식정도, 피부색깔, 성별, 연령, 장애여부 등 - 관계없이 모든 사람은 하나님의 형상, 하나님의 영광을 위한 존재로서 하나님께 매우 중요한 존재라는 것에 있다.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.81-96
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• 2006

This study aimed to investigate the sociocultural phenomena which affected to clothing change in 1650-1900 and to examine the features of men's necktie in the western art. For this study, information about historic neckwear is obtained from the visual evidence of painted or engraved portraits, contemporary written sources. The covered area of this study was Europe mainly England and France. For this process, research steps were as follows : 1. Investigating the sociocultural phenomena which affect to clothing change through 1650-1900 and analysis of men's clothing and appearance. 2. Finding the changing characteristics of neckties including it's different types, shapes, knots, colors and materials and analyzing similarities and differences of neckties by the times. 3. Examining necktie as one of important and representative icons of male gender identity. The results of the study was as follows: 1. In 1660-1900, men's fashion was simplified in color and detail due to the influence of practical Puritanism and matured civil culture. And British men's fashion spreaded throughout whole European countries and get popularity. 2. In 1650-1720, there were band, cravat and steinkirk. And expecially cravatier, a expert custodian of cravats, was appeared in that period. In 1720-1800, there were stock, solitaire and cravat. In 1800-1850, neckwear were popularized and got various sizes and types up to shape and size of chemise collars. Black stock, scarf cravat and shawl cravat were popular and terms of 'necktie' were used for an certain neckcloth shape. And abundant literature for necktie were published thanks to the development of printing technology in that period. In 1851-1900, the leady-made neckties were spreaded and there were changes in shape, length, knot of necktie up to V-zone formed with shirt's collars and vest types. Neckwear was gradually evolving through four distinct styles, bow tie, scarf or neckerchief, Ascot and four-in-hand. 3. After the mid-l7th Century, as civil culture matured and splendid and extravagant colorful men's wear disappeared, British men's fashion spreaded throughout whole European countries and got popularity. The necktie become an essential ornamental accessory of men's fashion and one of important and representative icons of male gender identity.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.437-444
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• 2009

Purpose: Transgender is a disorder of gender identity, who have appropriate chromosomal, hormonal and anatomical characteristics corresponding to their sexual phenotype but feel strongly with respect to their sexual identity, that they belong to the opposite sex. There is a persistence discomfort and sense of inappropriateness about one's assigned sex in a person who has reached puberty. Transgender is a psychiatric problem, but surgical method provides more satisfactory adjustment for patients. In gender reassignment surgery for female to male transgender, mastectomy, nipple reduction, hysterectomy, oophorectomy and phalloplasty are included. And as the final operation, recommended for scrotoplasty and artificial testes insertion. So we investigated the necessity and method of scrotoplasty in the final operation of female to male transgender. Method: The authors have long term follow-up of 75 cases female to male transgender during January, 1991 to February, 2008. Among them, 13 cases were evaluated in this study. During phalloplasty, the labium major skin preserved. And this labium majoral skin flap was made for the neoscrotum. At least six months later, artificial testes were inserted in neoscrotum with local anesthesia. Middle sized (3 cm diameter) artificial testes(silicon gel or carving soft silicone implant) were used because of the limitation of the neoscrotum. We evaluated the questionnaire and interview about the postoperative satisfaction in configuration of reconstructed scrotum, and the necessity of operation, the postoperative psychosocioeconomic improvement and limitation of body exposure activities such as swimming, public bathing. Results: Based on this study, satisfaction of reconstructed scrotum after scrotoplasty was improved(92%). The necessity of scrotoplasty was in 92.3% and the postoperative psychosocioeconomic well - being improvement was 77% in answers. Less limitation of activities requiring body exposure was 54% in answers. Most of the patients were satisfied with the results of surgical operation inspite of the operative procedure had some postoperative complications. Conclusion: This study was reported that the scrotoplasty in female to male transgender is not only a conversion of external genitalia but also an improvement of psychosocial state. Most patients sincerely hope to this operation, so we improve our surgical method for more good results.