• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2022

This study investigated through eye tracking what gaze path the audience searches through portal sites (Naver, Daum, Zoom, and Nate). As a result of the layout analysis according to the gaze path of the search engine, the four main pages, which can be called to be the gateway to information search, appeared in the form of a Z-shaped layout. The news and search pages of each site use an F-shape, which means that when people's eyes move from top to right in an F-shape, they read while moving their eyes from left to right(LTR), which sequentially moves to the bottom. As a result of analyzing through the heat map, gaze plot, and cluster, which are the visual analysis indicators of eye tracking, the concentration of eyes on the photo and head copy was found the most in the heat map, and it can be said to be of high interest in the information. The flow of gaze flows downward from the top left to the right, and it can be seen that the cluster is most concentrated at the top of the portal site. The website designer should focus on improving the accessibility and readability of the information desired by the user in the layout design, and periodic interface changes are required by investigating and analyzing the tendencies and behavioral patterns of the main users.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.261-275
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to analyze the conceptual understanding of carbon neutrality among secondary school science pre-service teachers, as well as to identify gaze patterns in visual materials. For this study, gaze tracking data of 20 pre-service secondary school science teachers were analyzed. Through this, the levels of conceptual understanding of carbon neutrality were categorized for the participants, and differences in gaze patterns were analyzed based on the degree of conceptual understanding of carbon neutrality. The research findings are as follows. First, as a result of performing modeling activities to predict carbon emissions and removals until 2100 using the concept of '2050 carbon neutrality,' 50% of the participants held a conception that carbon emissions would continue to increase. Additionally, 25% of the participants did not properly understand the causal relationship between net carbon dioxide emissions and cumulative concentrations. Second, the gaze movements of the participants regarding visual materials related to carbon neutrality were significantly influenced by the information presented in the text area, and in the case of graphs, the focus was mainly on the data area. Moreover, when visual data with the same function and category were arranged, participants showed the most interest in materials explaining concepts or visual data placed on the left side. This implies a preference for specific positions or orders. Participants with lower levels of conceptual understanding and inadequate grasp of causal relationships among elements exhibited notably reduced concentration and overall gaze flow. These findings suggest that conceptual understanding of carbon neutrality including climate change and natural disaster significantly influences interest in and engagement with visual materials.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.135-140
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• 2023

VR animation allows you to see 360-degree screen production that cannot be seen in existing animation production while being located in the space within the animation. <Goodbye Mr Octopus>, a VR animation produced in 2020, was selected at the 77th Venice Film Festival as an immersive short film. This is the story of an adolescent girl, Stella, who is celebrating her 16th birthday, and her conflict with her strict father is resolved through a letter from her mother. It is a narrative composed of a total of 11 scenes, and in each scene, new directing elements of VR video grammar, such as gaze induction, time flow, and space conversion directing, were analyzed. Gaze-inducing directing minimized the inconvenience of 360-degree gaze, and time and space conversion directing was analyzed as an effect of increasing the audience's immersion according to narrative events.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.133-138
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• 2005

This paper presents a new method for measuring ocular torsion using the optical flow. Images of the iris were cropped and transformed into rectangular images that were orientation invariant. Feature points of the iris region were selected from a reference and a target image, and the shift of each feature was calculated using the iterative Lucas-Kanade method. The feature points were selected according to the strength of the corners on the iris image. The accuracy of the algorithm was tested using printed eye images. In these images, torsion was measured with $0.15^{\circ}$ precision. The proposed method shows robustness even with the gaze directional changes and pupillary reflex environment of real-time processing.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.266-272
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• 2013

Facial feature extraction and tracking are essential steps in human-robot-interaction (HRI) field such as face recognition, gaze estimation, and emotion recognition. Active shape model (ASM) is one of the successful generative models that extract the facial features. However, applying only ASM is not adequate for modeling a face in actual applications, because positions of facial features are unstably extracted due to limitation of the number of iterations in the ASM fitting algorithm. The unaccurate positions of facial features decrease the performance of the emotion recognition. In this paper, we propose real-time facial feature extraction and tracking framework using ASM and LK optical flow for emotion recognition. LK optical flow is desirable to estimate time-varying geometric parameters in sequential face images. In addition, we introduce a straightforward method to avoid tracking failure caused by partial occlusions that can be a serious problem for tracking based algorithm. Emotion recognition experiments with k-NN and SVM classifier shows over 95% classification accuracy for three emotions: "joy", "anger", and "disgust".

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.647-654
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• 2010

In a service environment, the spatial layout is an important factor that has a great impact on customers' behavioral characteristics including wayfinding and purchasing. Previous studies have shown a gap between marketing, focusing solely on profitability and satisfaction, and architecture, looking only into efficiency of pedestrian flow. To balance such disparity, this study suggests an integrated approach for assessing behavioral patterns in complex service environments. With the objective that complex service environments should aim to increase its profitability and efficiency while guaranteeing customer satisfaction, quantitative metrics was developed for evaluation. The metrics was defined to use data from behavior observation including path tracking, population counting, and gaze analysis, while previous studies have relied on abstract survey methods that were prone to sampling errors and loss of data. For validation of the metrics in a real world setting, a case study was conducted at 4 train stations in Korea. In the case study, experiments were conducted to gather the required data in all 4 train stations, while their physical layouts were also analyzed. With the results from the case study, comparative evaluation of the 4 train stations in terms of behavioral efficiency was possible, together with a discussion on the effect of their physical settings.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.37-44
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• 2017

Eye-typing is one kind of human-computer interactive input system which is implemented by location data of gaze. It is widely used as an input system for paralytics because it does not require physical motions other than the eye movement. However, eye-typing interface based on Korean character has not been suggested yet. Thus, this research aims to implement the eye-typing interface optimized for Korean. To begin with, design objectives were established based on the features of eye-typing: significant noise and Midas touch problem. Multilevel input system was introduced to deal with noise, and an area free from input button was applied to solve Midas touch problem. Then, two types of eye-typing interfaces were suggested on phonological consideration of Korean where each syllable is generated from combination of several phonemes. Named as consonant-vowel integrated interface and separated interface, the two interfaces are designed to input Korean in phases through grouped phonemes. Finally, evaluation procedures composed of comparative experiments against the conventional Double-Korean keyboard interface, and analysis on flow of gaze were conducted. As a result, newly designed interfaces showed potential to be applied as practical tools for eye-typing.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.171-177
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• 2015

A telerobot offers a more engaging and enjoyable interaction with people at a distance by communicating via audio, video, expressive gestures, body pose and proxemics. To provide its potential benefits at a reasonable cost, this paper presents a telepresence robot system for video communication which can deliver speaker's head motion through its display stanchion. Head gestures such as nodding and head-shaking can give crucial information during conversation. We also can assume a speaker's eye-gaze, which is known as one of the key non-verbal signals for interaction, from his/her head pose. In order to develop an efficient head tracking method, a 3D cylinder-like head model is employed and the Harris corner detector is combined with the Lucas-Kanade optical flow that is known to be suitable for extracting 3D motion information of the model. Especially, a skin color-based face detection algorithm is proposed to achieve robust performance upon variant directions while maintaining reasonable computational cost. The performance of the proposed head tracking algorithm is verified through the experiments using BU's standard data sets. A design of robot platform is also described as well as the design of supporting systems such as video transmission and robot control interfaces.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.4 no.8
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• pp.315-320
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• 2015

The purposed of this research is to develop multimedia content usage analysis service platform. In the proposed platform, the content gazing behaviors of the users are monitored and profiled in real-time and a set of quantifiable metrics is provided. These metrics are used to determine the closeness of the users' behavior from the intent set by the provider. Based on the evaluation, it is possible to assess the effectiveness of the contents themselves as well. The content usage assessment is accomplished by utilizing the intention flow and the intent weight, which are embedded into the content by the content provider. Proposed methodology can be effectively applied and used in various application domains such as in education and in commercial advertisements.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the process of reading and understanding mathematics lesson plan through eye-tracking to suggest implications of pre-service teacher education. As a result of the analysis, the pre-service teachers felt that the mathematics lesson plans were more difficult than the experienced teacher, they read and understood the mathematics lesson plan in sequential order. Experienced teachers, on the other hand, used a hypertext reading strategy to find key topics and make connections in order to grasp the flow of instruction in mathematics lesson plan. Based on these results, several suggestions were drawn for pre-service teachers when teaching their ability to read and understand mathematics lesson plan.