• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.91-100
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• 2009

In this paper, we propose autonomous intelligent wheelchair system which recognize the commands using the gaze recognition and avoid the detected obstacles by sensing the distance through range sensors on the way to driving. The user's commands are recognized by the gaze recognizer which use a centroid of eye pupil and two reflection points extracted using a camera with infrared filter and two infrared LEDs. These are used to control the wheelchair through the user interface. Then wheelchair system detects the obstacles using 10 ultrasonic sensors and assists that it avoid collision with obstacles. The proposed intelligent wheelchair system consists of gaze recognizor, autonomous driving module, sensor control board and motor control board. The gaze recognizer cognize user's commands through user interface, then the wheelchair is controled by the motor control board using recognized commands. Thereafter obstacle information detected by ultrasonic sensors is transferred to the sensor control board, and this transferred to the autonomous driving module. In the autonomous driving module, the obstacles are detected. For generating commands to avoid these obstacles, there are transferred to the motor control board. The experimental results confirmed that the proposed system can improve the efficiency of obstacle avoidance and provide the convenient user interface to user.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.07e
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• pp.2124-2127
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• 2003

This paper suggests user interface method with wearable computer by means of detecting gaze under HMD, head mounted display, environment. System is derived as follows; firstly, calibrate a camera in HMD, which determines geometrical relationship between monitor and captured image. Second, detect the center of pupil using ellipse fitting algorithm and represent a gazing position on the computer screen. If user blinks or stares at a certain position for a while, message is sent to wearable computer. Experimental results show ellipse fitting is robust against glint effects, and detecting error was 6.5％, and 4.25％ in vertical and horizontal direction, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1162-1170
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• 2014

In this paper, an accurate remote gaze tracking method with two cameras is presented using a modified Starburst algorithm and honography normalization. Starburst algorithm, which was originally developed for head-mounted systems, often fails in detecting accurate pupil centers in remote tracking systems with a larger field of view due to lots of noises. A region of interest area for pupil is found using template matching, and then only within this area Starburst algorithm is applied to yield pupil boundary candidate points. These are used in improved RANSAC ellipse fitting to produce the pupil center. For gaze estimation robust to head movement, an improved homography normalization using four LEDs and calibration based on high order polynomials is proposed. Finally, it is shown that accuracy and robustness of the system is improved using two cameras rather than one camera.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2016

Street is the most fundamental component of city and place to promote diverse actions of people. Pedestrians gaze at various street environments. A visual gaze means that there are interesting elements and these elements need to be preferentially improved in the street environment improvement project. Therefore, this study aims to set up the priorities of street environment components by analyzing eye movements from a pedestrian perspective. In this study, street environment components were classified into road, street facility, building(facade) and sky and as street environment images, three "Streets of Youth" situated in Gwangbok-ro, Seomyeon and Busan University of Busan were selected. The experiment targeted 30 males and females in their twenties to forties. After setting the angle of sight through a calibration test, an eye-tracking experiment regarding the three images was conducted. Lastly, the subjects were asked to fill in questionnaires. The following three conclusions were obtained from the results of the eye-tracking experiment and the survey. First, building was the top priority of street environment components and it was followed by street facility, road and sky. Second, as components to be regarded as important, fast 'Sequence', many 'Fixation Counts' and 'Visit Counts', short 'Time to First Fixation' and long 'Fixation Duration' and 'Visit Duration' were preferred. Third, after voluntary eye movements, the subjects recognized the objects with the highest gaze frequency and the lowest gaze frequency.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.3 s.43
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• pp.7-21
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• 2005

This paper is an attempt to find/make an entrance to John Hejduk's architecture. Based explicitly on both Karl Popper's model of knowledge production called 'conjecture and refutation' and Harold Bloom's theory of poetry called 'revisionism', this paper, in order to produce a new problem, mainly deals with an existing knowledge as an object to refute, that is, Michael Hays' interpretation of Wall House by Jacques Lacan's notion of the gaze, Hejduk's a pivotal architectural finding. The arguments underlying this paper are two: First, Hejduk, just like this paper, follows Popper's model and Bloom's theory in conducting his own architectural research. Secondly, he takes what might be called artist's attitude when absorbing previous knowledge and producing new one. These two arguments are made in the first part and then served as a basic propositions for further arguments. In the process of criticizing the way in which Hays explicates Hejduk's Wall House, this paper reaches two main arguments. First, Lacan's notion of the gaze is not proper specifically for the explication of it. However, it may be useful and even promising when dealing with other works such as Subject/Object and House of the Inhabitant Who Refused to Participate. Secondly, Freud's notion of 'uncanny', arguably Hejduk's strong architectural orientation, may serve much better as a main gate among possibly many ones in trying to open his architecture. It is considered that this might also serve as an important clue to solving mysticism remaining yet untouched in his architecture.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.35-41
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• 2007

We proposed an eye gaze tracking system under natural head movements. The system consists of one CCD(charge-coupled device) camera and two front-surface mirrors. The mirrors rotate to follow head movements in order to keep the eye within the view of the camera. However, the mirror controller cannot guarantee the fast head movements, because the frame rate is generally 30Hz. To overcome this problem, we applied Kalman filter to estimate next eye position from the current eye image. In the results, our system allowed the subjects head to move 60cm horizontally and 40cm vertically, with the head movement speed about 55cm/sec and 45cm/sec, respectively. And spatial gate resolutions were about 4.5 degree and 5.0 degree, respectively, and the gaze estimation accuracy was 92% under natural head movements.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.963-971
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• 2016

This paper is a research of gaze analysis for measuring task switching behavior at multiple windows in GUI of windowing system. Previous methods that define area of interest for categorizing gaze had difficulties to define dynamic content that disappears or changes over time. On the other hand, this study suggests a new method to categorize gaze that defines Area of interest in a unit of window during the eye tracking experiment. In this paper, we constructed the conception of WOI(Window of Interest) in GUI of windowing system. Therefore, we developed a system using an eye tracker device and implemented a number of experiments. In addition, we analyzed the number of task switching and proportion of watched content. The method in the study comprehend from previous researches as it can measure and analyze the multi-tasking behaviors using multiple numbers of windows.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.951-961
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• 2008

Cooperative diversity is a cooperative technique which exploits user diversity by decoding the combined signal of the relayed signal and the direct signal in wireless multi-hop networks. Using the cooperation, the performance of the network system can be improved because cooperative diversity which is very strong against the fading channels can be achieved. In this paper, we propose the technique that provides the enhanced visual quality of the reconstructed video using the cooperative diversity with the FMO which is the error resilience tool of H.264/AVC standardization over wireless networks. The eye-tracker can detect the gaze point of user and transmit the gaze information to the nodes. After receiving the gaze information of user, each node performs ROI encoding according to the received gaze information. After encoding, video sources are divided into ROI and Non-ROI. Through the simulation results, the better visual quality of the reconstructed video is achieved when ROI and Non-ROI are transmitted through different channels.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.566-573
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• 2020

Computers are the most common tool when using the Internet and utilizing a mouse to select and execute objects. Eye tracking technology is welcomed as an alternative technology to help control computers for users who cannot use their hands due to their disabilities. However, the pointer execution method of the existing eye tracking technique causes many malfunctions. Therefore, in this paper, we developed a gaze tracking interface that combines voice commands to solve the malfunction problem when the upper limb disabled uses the existing gaze tracking technology to execute computer menus and objects. Usability verification was conducted through comparative experiments regarding the improvements of the malfunction. The upper limb disabled who are hand-impaired use eye tracking technology to move the pointer and utilize the voice commands, such as, "okay" while browsing the computer screen for instant clicks. As a result of the comparative experiments on the reduction of the malfunction of pointer execution with the existing gaze interfaces, we verified that our system, Eye-Voice, reduced the malfunction rate of pointer execution and is effective for the upper limb disabled to use.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.1219-1227
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• 2013

A new type of wearable robot is developed for a disabled person with disabled limbs, that is, a person who cannot intentionally move his/her legs and arms. This robot can enable the disabled person to grip an object using eye movements. A gaze tracking algorithm is employed to detect pupil movements by which the person observes the object to be gripped. By using this gaze tracking 2D information, the object is identified and the distance to the object is measured using a Kinect device installed on the robot shoulder. By using several coordinate transformations and a matching scheme, the final 3D information about the object from the base frame can be clearly identified, and the final position data is transmitted to the DSP-controlled robot controller, which enables the target object to be gripped successfully.