• Title/Summary/Keyword: Gating system

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Fabrication Process of Single-walled Carbon Nanotube Sensors Aligned by a Simple Self-assembly Technique (간단한 자기 조립 기법으로 배열된 단일벽 탄소 나노 튜브 센서의 제작공정)

  • Kim, Kyeong-Heon;Kim, Sun-Ho;Byun, Young-Tae
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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    • v.48 no.2
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    • pp.28-34
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    • 2011
  • In previous reports, we investigated a selective assembly method of fabricating single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on a silicon-dioxide ($SiO_2$) surface by using only a photolithographic process. In this paper, we have fabricated field effect transistors (FETs) with SWCNT channels by using the technique mentioned above. Also, we have electrically measured gating effects of these FETs under different source-drain voltages ($V_{SD}$). These FETs have been fabricated for sensor applications. Photoresist (PR) patterns have been made on a $SiO_2$-grown silicon (Si) substrate by using a photolithographic process. This PR-patterned substrate have been dipped into a SWCNT solution dispersed in dichlorobenzene (DCB). These PR patterns have been removed by using aceton. As a result, a selectively-assembled SWCNT channels in FET arrays have been obtained between source and drain electrodes. Finally, we have successfully fabricated 4 FET arrays based on SWCNT-channels by using our simple self-assembly technique.

Measurement of Backscattering Coefficients of Rice Canopy Using a Ground Polarimetric Scatterometer System (지상관측 레이다 산란계를 이용한 벼 군락의 후방산란계수 측정)

  • Hong, Jin-Young;Kim, Yi-Hyun;Oh, Yi-Sok;Hong, Suk-Young
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.145-152
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    • 2007
  • The polarimetric backscattering coefficients of a wet-land rice field which is an experimental plot belong to National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology in Suwon are measured using ground-based polarimetric scatterometers at 1.8 and 5.3 GHz throughout a growth year from transplanting period to harvest period (May to October in 2006). The polarimetric scatterometers consist of a vector network analyzer with time-gating function and polarimetric antenna set, and are well calibrated to get VV-, HV-, VH-, HH-polarized backscattering coefficients from the measurements, based on single target calibration technique using a trihedral corner reflector. The polarimetric backscattering coefficients are measured at $30^{\circ},\;40^{\circ},\;50^{\circ}\;and\;60^{\circ}$ with 30 independent samples for each incidence angle at each frequency. In the measurement periods the ground truth data including fresh and dry biomass, plant height, stem density, leaf area, specific leaf area, and moisture contents are also collected for each measurement. The temporal variations of the measured backscattering coefficients as well as the measured plant height, LAI (leaf area index) and biomass are analyzed. Then, the measured polarimetric backscattering coefficients are compared with the rice growth parameters. The measured plant height increases monotonically while the measured LAI increases only till the ripening period and decreases after the ripening period. The measured backscattering coefficientsare fitted with polynomial expressions as functions of growth age, plant LAI and plant height for each polarization, frequency, and incidence angle. As the incidence angle is bigger, correlations of L band signature to the rice growth was higher than that of C band signatures. It is found that the HH-polarized backscattering coefficients are more sensitive than the VV-polarized backscattering coefficients to growth age and other input parameters. It is necessary to divide the data according to the growth period which shows the qualitative changes of growth such as panicale initiation, flowering or heading to derive functions to estimate rice growth.

The Research of Comparison Evaluation on the Decline in Artifact Using Respiratory Gating System in PET-CT (PET-CT 검사 시 호흡동조 시스템을 이용한 인공물 감소에 대한 비교 평가)

  • Kim, Jin-Young;Lee, Seung Jae;jung, Suk;Park, Min-Soo;Kang, Chun-Goo;Im, Han-Sang;Kim, Jae-Sam
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.63-67
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    • 2015
  • Purpose Among various causes that influence image quality degradation, various methods for decrease in Artifact occurred by respiration of patients are being used. Among them, this study intended to evaluate CTAC Shift correction method and additional scan compare to the Scan(Q static scan) using respiratory gated system. Materials and Methods This study was conducted on 10 patients, and used PET-CT Discovery 710 (GE Healthcare, MI, USA) and Varian's RPM system. 5.18 Mbq per kg of $^{18}F$-FDG was injected on patients, asked them to take a rest for 1 hour in the bed, and conducted test after urination. Images were visualized through Q static scan, CTAC Shift correction method, Additional scan based on the Whole body scan(WBS) with Artifact. Decrease in Artifact was compared in each image, conducted Gross Evalution, and measured changes of SUVmax. Results For image obtained through the CTAC Shift correction method through WBS with Artifact, 12~56%, Q static scan image showed 17~54% of change rate and Additional Scan showed -27~46% of change rate. In Blind Test, the CTAC Shift correction image showed the highest point with 4 points, Q static scan image showed 3.5 points, and Additional scan image showed 3.4 points. The standardized WBS scan through Oneway ANOVA and three types of Scan method showed significant difference(p<0.05), and did not show significant difference between the three Scan methods(p>0.05). However, the three Scan methods showed significant difference in Blind test. Conclusion Additional scan and Q static scan require more time than the CTAC Shift correction method, there is concern about excessive exposure to patients by CT rescan and Q static scan is difficult to apply on patients with inconsistent respiration or irregular respiration cycle due to pain. For CTAC Shift correction method, limited correction is possible and the range is limited as well. It is considered as a useful method of improving diagnostic value when hospitals use the system appropriately and develop various advantageous factors of each method.

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The first private-hospital based proton therapy center in Korea; status of the Proton Therapy Center at Samsung Medical Center

  • Chung, Kwangzoo;Han, Youngyih;Kim, Jinsung;Ahn, Sung Hwan;Ju, Sang Gyu;Jung, Sang Hoon;Chung, Yoonsun;Cho, Sungkoo;Jo, Kwanghyun;Shin, Eun Hyuk;Hong, Chae-Seon;Shin, Jung Suk;Park, Seyjoon;Kim, Dae-Hyun;Kim, Hye Young;Lee, Boram;Shibagaki, Gantaro;Nonaka, Hideki;Sasai, Kenzo;Koyabu, Yukio;Choi, Changhoon;Huh, Seung Jae;Ahn, Yong Chan;Pyo, Hong Ryull;Lim, Do Hoon;Park, Hee Chul;Park, Won;Oh, Dong Ryul;Noh, Jae Myung;Yu, Jeong Il;Song, Sanghyuk;Lee, Ji Eun;Lee, Bomi;Choi, Doo Ho
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.33 no.4
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    • pp.337-343
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    • 2015
  • Purpose: The purpose of this report is to describe the proton therapy system at Samsung Medical Center (SMC-PTS) including the proton beam generator, irradiation system, patient positioning system, patient position verification system, respiratory gating system, and operating and safety control system, and review the current status of the SMC-PTS. Materials and Methods: The SMC-PTS has a cyclotron (230 MeV) and two treatment rooms: one treatment room is equipped with a multi-purpose nozzle and the other treatment room is equipped with a dedicated pencil beam scanning nozzle. The proton beam generator including the cyclotron and the energy selection system can lower the energy of protons down to 70 MeV from the maximum 230 MeV. Results: The multi-purpose nozzle can deliver both wobbling proton beam and active scanning proton beam, and a multi-leaf collimator has been installed in the downstream of the nozzle. The dedicated scanning nozzle can deliver active scanning proton beam with a helium gas filled pipe minimizing unnecessary interactions with the air in the beam path. The equipment was provided by Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ltd., RayStation from RaySearch Laboratories AB is the selected treatment planning system, and data management will be handled by the MOSAIQ system from Elekta AB. Conclusion: The SMC-PTS located in Seoul, Korea, is scheduled to begin treating cancer patients in 2015.

An accuracy analysis of Cyberknife tumor tracking radiotherapy according to unpredictable change of respiration (예측 불가능한 호흡 변화에 따른 사이버나이프 종양 추적 방사선 치료의 정확도 분석)

  • Seo, jung min;Lee, chang yeol;Huh, hyun do;Kim, wan sun
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.157-166
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    • 2015
  • Purpose : Cyber-Knife tumor tracking system, based on the correlation relationship between the position of a tumor which moves in response to the real time respiratory cycle signal and respiration was obtained by the LED marker attached to the outside of the patient, the location of the tumor to predict in advance, the movement of the tumor in synchronization with the therapeutic device to track real-time tumor, is a system for treating. The purpose of this study, in the cyber knife tumor tracking radiation therapy, trying to evaluate the accuracy of tumor tracking radiation therapy system due to the change in the form of unpredictable sudden breathing due to cough and sleep. Materials and Methods : Breathing Log files that were used in the study, based on the Respiratory gating radiotherapy and Cyber-knife tracking radiosurgery breathing Log files of patients who received herein, measured using the Log files in the form of a Sinusoidal pattern and Sudden change pattern. it has been reconstituted as possible. Enter the reconstructed respiratory Log file cyber knife dynamic chest Phantom, so that it is possible to implement a motion due to respiration, add manufacturing the driving apparatus of the existing dynamic chest Phantom, Phantom the form of respiration we have developed a program that can be applied to. Movement of the phantom inside the target (Ball cube target) was driven by the displacement of three sizes of according to the size of the respiratory vertical (Superior-Inferior) direction to the 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm. Insert crosses two EBT3 films in phantom inside the target in response to changes in the target movement, the End-to-End (E2E) test provided in Cyber-Knife manufacturer depending on the form of the breathing five times each. It was determined by carrying. Accuracy of tumor tracking system is indicated by the target error by analyzing the inserted film, additional E2E test is analyzed by measuring the correlation error while being advanced. Results : If the target error is a sine curve breathing form, the size of the target of the movement is in response to the 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, respectively, of the average $1.14{\pm}0.13mm$, $1.05{\pm}0.20mm$, with $2.37{\pm}0.17mm$, suddenly for it is variations in breathing, respective average $1.87{\pm}0.19mm$, $2.15{\pm}0.21mm$, and analyzed with $2.44{\pm}0.26mm$. If the correlation error can be defined by the length of the displacement vector in the target track is a sinusoidal breathing mode, the size of the target of the movement in response to 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, respective average $0.84{\pm}0.01mm$, $0.70{\pm}0.13mm$, with $1.63{\pm}0.10mm$, if it is a variant of sudden breathing respective average $0.97{\pm}0.06mm$, $1.44{\pm}0.11mm$, and analyzed with $1.98{\pm}0.10mm$. The larger the correlation error values in both the both the respiratory form, the target error value is large. If the motion size of the target of the sine curve breathing form is greater than or equal to 20 mm, was measured at 1.5 mm or more is a recommendation value of both cyber knife manufacturer of both error value. Conclusion : There is a tendency that the correlation error value between about target error value magnitude of the target motion is large is increased, the error value becomes large in variation of rapid respiration than breathing the form of a sine curve. The more the shape of the breathing large movements regular shape of sine curves target accuracy of the tumor tracking system can be judged to be reduced. Using the algorithm of Cyber-Knife tumor tracking system, when there is a change in the sudden unpredictable respiratory due patient coughing during treatment enforcement is to stop the treatment, it is assumed to carry out the internal target validation process again, it is necessary to readjust the form of respiration. Patients under treatment is determined to be able to improve the treatment of accuracy to induce the observed form of regular breathing and put like to see the goggles monitor capable of the respiratory form of the person.

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CO2/CH4 Separation in Metal-organic Frameworks: Flexibility or Open Metal Sites? (금속-유기 골격체를 이용한 CO2/CH4 분리: 플렉서블 효과와 강한 흡착 사이트 비교 연구)

  • Jung, Minji;Oh, Hyunchul
    • Membrane Journal
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.136-141
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    • 2018
  • Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) exists not only as a component of natural gas, biogas, and landfill gas, but also as a major combustion product of fossil fuels which leads to a major contributor to greenhouse gases. Hence it is essential to reduce or eliminate carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) in order to obtain high fuel efficiency of internal combustion engine, to prevent corrosion of gas transportation system, and to cope with climate change preemptively. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in not only conventional membrane-based separation but also new adsorbent-based separation technology. Particularly, in the case of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), it has been received tremendous attentions due to its unique properties (eg : flexibility, gate effect or strong binding site such as open metal sites) which are different from those of typical porous adsorbents. Therefore, in this study, stereotype of two MOFs have been selected as its flexible MOFs (MIL-53) representative and numerous open metal sites MOFs (MOF-74) representative, and compared each other for $CO_2/CH_4$ separation performance. Furthermore, varying and changeable separation performance conditions depending on the temperature, pressure or samples' unique properties are discussed.

Development of Respiratory Signal Analysis Program for Accurate Phase Reassignment in 4D CT Reconstruction (4D CT 영상 재구성 시 정확한 위상 변환을 위한 호흡 신호 분석 프로그램 개발)

  • Park, Hae-Jin;Jung, Won-Gyun;Yoon, Jai-Woong;Song, Ju-Young;Suh, Tae-Suk
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.241-246
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    • 2008
  • Patient's respiration can have an effect on movement of tumor range and peripheral organs. Therefore, the respiratory signal was acquired by relation between external markers and movement of patient's abdomen during radiational therapy in order to minimize the effect of respiration. Based on this technique, many studies of rational therapy to irradiate at particular part of stable respiratory signals have executed and they have been clinically applied. Nevertheless, the phase-based method is preferred to the amplitude-based method for the rational therapy related to respiration. Because stabilization of the respiratory signal are limited. In this study, a in-house respiratory signal analysis program was developed for the phase reassignment and the analysis of the irregular respiratory signals. Various irregular respiratory patterns was obtained from clinical experimental volunteers. After then, the in-house program analyzed the factors affecting to phase assignment which is directly related to irradiated sector. Subsequently, accuracy of phase assignment was improved with removement of irregular signals by self-developed algorithm. This study is considered to be useful for not only image reconstruction and elevation of irradiating accuracy through phase assignment of RPM system but also analysis of respiratory signals. Moreover, development of 4D CT image is planed with phantom researches or clinical experiments based on this program.

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Feasibility Study of Deep Inspiration Breath-Hold Based Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy for Locally Advanced Left Sided Breast Cancer Patients

  • Swamy, Shanmugam Thirumalai;Radha, Chandrasekaran Anu;Kathirvel, Murugesan;Arun, Gandhi;Subramanian, Shanmuga
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.15 no.20
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    • pp.9033-9038
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    • 2014
  • Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) based volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for locally advanced left sided breast cancer patients undergoing radical mastectomy. DIBH immobilizes the tumor bed providing dosimetric benefits over free breathing (FB). Materials and Methods: Ten left sided post mastectomy patients were immobilized in a supine position with both the arms lifted above the head on a hemi-body vaclock. Two thermoplastic masks were prepared for each patient, one for normal free breathing and a second made with breath-hold to maintain reproducibility. DIBH CT scans were performed in the prospective mode of the Varian real time position management (RPM) system. The planning target volume (PTV) included the left chest wall and supraclavicular nodes and PTV prescription dose was 5000cGy in 25 fractions. DIBH-3DCRT planning was performed with the single iso-centre technique using a 6MV photon beam and the field-in-field technique. VMAT plans for FB and DIBH contained two partial arcs ($179^{\circ}-300^{\circ}CCW/CW$). Dose volume histograms of PTV and OAR's were analyzed for DIBH-VMAT, FB-VMAT and DIBH-3DCRT. In DIBH mode daily orthogonal ($0^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$) KV images were taken to determine the setup variability and weekly twice CBCT to verify gating threshold level reproducibility. Results: DIBH-VMAT reduced the lung and heart dose compared to FB-VMAT, while maintaining similar PTV coverage. The mean heart $V_{30Gy}$ was $2.3%{\pm}2.7$, $5.1%{\pm}3.2$ and $3.3%{\pm}7.2$ and for left lung $V_{20Gy}$ was $18.57%{\pm}2.9$, $21.7%{\pm}3.9$ and $23.5%{\pm}5.1$ for DIBH-VMAT, FB-VMAT and DIBH-3DCRT respectively. Conclusions: DIBH-VMAT significantly reduced the heart and lung dose for left side chest wall patients compared to FB-VMAT. PTV conformity index, homogeneity index, ipsilateral lung dose and heart dose were better for DIBH-VMAT compared to DIBH-3DCRT. However, contralateral lung and breast volumes exposed to low doses were increased with DIBH-VMAT.

The Clinical Implementation of 2D Dose Distribution QA System for the Patient Specific Respiratory-gated Radiotherapy (호흡동조 방사선치료의 2차원 선량 분포 정도관리를 위한 4D 정도관리 시스템 개발)

  • Kim, Jin-Sung;Shin, Eun-Hyuk;Shin, Jung-Suk;Ju, Sang-Gyu;Han, Young-Yih;Park, Hee-Chul;Choi, Doo-Ho
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.127-136
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    • 2010
  • Emerging technologies such as four-dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) is expected to allow clinicians to accurately model interfractional motion and to quantitatively estimate internal target volumes (ITVs) for radiation therapy involving moving targets. A need exists for a 4D radiation therapy quality assurance (QA) device that can incorporate and analyze the patient specific intrafractional motion as it relate to dose delivery and respiratory gating. We built a 4D RT prototype device and analyzed the patient-specific 4D radiation therapy QA for 2D dose distributions successfully. With more improvements, the 4D RT QA prototype device could be an integral part of a 4D RT decision process to confirm the dose delivery.

Prediction of Target Motion Using Neural Network for 4-dimensional Radiation Therapy (신경회로망을 이용한 4차원 방사선치료에서의 조사 표적 움직임 예측)

  • Lee, Sang-Kyung;Kim, Yong-Nam;Park, Kyung-Ran;Jeong, Kyeong-Keun;Lee, Chang-Geol;Lee, Ik-Jae;Seong, Jin-Sil;Choi, Won-Hoon;Chung, Yoon-Sun;Park, Sung-Ho
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.132-138
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    • 2009
  • Studies on target motion in 4-dimensional radiotherapy are being world-widely conducted to enhance treatment record and protection of normal organs. Prediction of tumor motion might be very useful and/or essential for especially free-breathing system during radiation delivery such as respiratory gating system and tumor tracking system. Neural network is powerful to express a time series with nonlinearity because its prediction algorithm is not governed by statistic formula but finds a rule of data expression. This study intended to assess applicability of neural network method to predict tumor motion in 4-dimensional radiotherapy. Scaled Conjugate Gradient algorithm was employed as a learning algorithm. Considering reparation data for 10 patients, prediction by the neural network algorithms was compared with the measurement by the real-time position management (RPM) system. The results showed that the neural network algorithm has the excellent accuracy of maximum absolute error smaller than 3 mm, except for the cases in which the maximum amplitude of respiration is over the range of respiration used in the learning process of neural network. It indicates the insufficient learning of the neural network for extrapolation. The problem could be solved by acquiring a full range of respiration before learning procedure. Further works are programmed to verify a feasibility of practical application for 4-dimensional treatment system, including prediction performance according to various system latency and irregular patterns of respiration.

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