• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.49-60
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• 2023

The amount of data generated by electronic systems through e-commerce, social networks, and data computation has risen. However, the security of data has always been a challenge. The problem is not with the quantity of data but how to secure the data by ensuring its confidentiality and privacy. Though there are several research on cloud data security, this study proposes a security scheme with the lowest execution time. The approach employs a non-linear time complexity to achieve data confidentiality and privacy. A symmetric algorithm dubbed the Non-Deterministic Cryptographic Scheme (NCS) is proposed to address the increased execution time of existing cryptographic schemes. NCS has linear time complexity with a low and unpredicted trend of execution times. It achieves confidentiality and privacy of data on the cloud by converting the plaintext into Ciphertext with a small number of iterations thereby decreasing the execution time but with high security. The algorithm is based on Good Prime Numbers, Linear Congruential Generator (LGC), Sliding Window Algorithm (SWA), and XOR gate. For the implementation in C, thirty different execution times were performed and their average was taken. A comparative analysis of the NCS was performed against AES, DES, and RSA algorithms based on key sizes of 128kb, 256kb, and 512kb using the dataset from Kaggle. The results showed the proposed NCS execution times were lower in comparison to AES, which had better execution time than DES with RSA having the longest. Contrary, to existing knowledge that execution time is relative to data size, the results obtained from the experiment indicated otherwise for the proposed NCS algorithm. With data sizes of 128kb, 256kb, and 512kb, the execution times in milliseconds were 38, 711, and 378 respectively. This validates the NCS as a Non-Deterministic Cryptographic Algorithm. The study findings hence are in support of the argument that data size does not determine the execution.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.579-590
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• 2018

Shipping of North Korea is not yet publicly well documented. Taedong River, the most important sea route of North Korea, is selected as a model study area to show how effectively a remote place can be investigated through the application of satellite-based Automatic Identification System (S-AIS) for understanding shipping and tracks of vessels which passed the lock gate in the Taedong River and visited the nearby ports on its track. S-AIS data of the year 2014 were analyzed on the basis of various time periods, country of registry and category of ships. A total of 325 vessels were observed. The ships under the flags of North Korea, Cambodia and Sierra Leone were found to be dominant in frequencies which accounted for 43.08%, 16.00%, and 8.92%, respectively. Trajectories of the 325 ships in the Yellow Sea were also checked according to the flags. It is concluded that some ships under the flags of Cambodia, Sierra Leone, Mongolia, Panama and Kiribati are regarded as flags of convenience, and ships without flag and ship type codes also comprised a remarkable portion out of the total ships.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.5654-5668
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• 2018

Driven by security and real-time demands of Internet of Things (IoT), the timing of fog computing and edge computing have gradually come into place. Gateways bear more nearby computing, storage, analysis and as an intelligent broker of the whole computing lifecycle in between local devices and the remote cloud. In fog computing, the edge broker requires X-aware capabilities that combines software programmability, stream processing, hardware optimization and various connectivity to deal with such as security, data abstraction, network latency, service classification and workload allocation strategy. The prosperous of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) pushes the possibility of gateway capabilities further landed. In this paper, we propose a software-defined gateway (SDG) scheme for fog computing paradigm termed as Fog Computing Zero-Knowledge Gateway that strengthens data protection and resilience merits designed for industrial internet of things or highly privacy concerned hybrid cloud scenarios. It is a proxy for fog nodes and able to integrate with existing commodity gateways. The contribution is that it converts Privacy-Enhancing Technologies rules into provable statements without knowing original sensitive data and guarantees privacy rules applied to the sensitive data before being propagated while preventing potential leakage threats. Some logical functions can be offloaded to any programmable micro-controller embedded to achieve higher computing efficiency.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2016

As various IoT devices appear recently, Cloud Services such as DropBox, Amazon S3, Microsoft Azure Storage, etc are widely use for data sharing across the devices. Although, cryptographic algorithms like AES is prevalently used for data security, there is no mechanisms to allow selectively and flexibly use wider spectrum of lightweight cryptographic algorithms such as LEA, SEED, ARIA. With this, IoT devices with lower computation power and limited battery life will suffer from overly expensive workload and cryptographic operations are slower than what is enough. In this paper, we designed and implemented a CloudGate that allows client programs of those cloud services to flexibly select a cryptographic algorithms depending on the required security level. By selectively using LEA lightweight algorithms, we could achieve the cryptographic operations could be maximum 1.8 faster and more efficient than using AES.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.27-34
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• 2003

Recently, an efficient hardware development for a cryptosystem is concerned. The efficiency of a multiplier for GF($2^n$)is directly related to the efficiency of some cryptosystem. This paper, considering the trade-off between time complexity andsize complexity, proposes a new multiplier architecture having n[n/2] AND gates and n([n/2]+1)- $$\Delta$_n$ = XOR gates, where $$\Delta$_n$=1 if n is even, $$\Delta$_n$=0 otherwise. This size complexity is less than that of existing ${multipliers}^{[5][12]}$which are $n^2$ AND gates and $n^2$-1 XOR gates. While a new multiplier is a serial-parallel multiplier to output a result of multiplication of two elements of GF($2^n$) after 2 clock cycles, the suggested multiplier is more suitable for some cryptographic device having space limitations.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.45-52
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• 2019

The most ordinary form of residential type in Korea is a plate-type apartment, and the common space in these apartment is attracting as an important factor for enhancing social exchanges among neighbors and forming community consciousness. In addition, it provides a sense of psychological security by enabling natural exchanges and communication in contemporary society. It is desirable to plan the flow of space in such a way that private, semi-private, semi-public, and public spaces are linked. Semi-private and semi-public spaces can be defined as common spaces. Semi-private spaces are strongly recognized in the order of unit household entrance, main entrance, elevator, corridor, staircase, playground, bench, trail, walkway and parking lot, exercise space, main/back gate, the ability to gratify is increased sense of belonging, ownership consciousness formation, defensive function. Semi-public space is strongly recognized in the order of playground, bench, exercise space, trail, main entrance, walkway and parking lot, unit household entrance, main/back gate, corridor, staircase, elevator, the ability to gratify is increase of social contact, Secondary activity space function. In addition, the function to gratify in the common space differs according to gender and age group among resident characteristics, and differs according to corridor type, parking lot type and main entrance type. Therefore, differentiated planning of common space is needed in consideration of these differences in the design of common space in future.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.1505-1512
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• 2007

The RFID Technology (which is importantly used at the Ubiquitous environment) is attached to all of the units like the ID cards and then information on the units and units' environment is transferred and processed through the radio frequency. so it is the no touched recognition system. RFID Technology's research of the middle ware and wireless interface etc. is currently conducted and variously broaden like the industry of the distribution and logistics. This paper suggests that the gate control system which is based on RFID middle ware is realized to prevent the district and facility for security. The indication of this paper is that algorithm (which is to certificate Users' enterance through RFID EPC code) is proposed and realizes the user certification module, the control module of the gates' opening and closing, the maintenance module of the gate, the display module of coming and going information, test program ect. through RFID technology.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.39-50
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to be performed with studio-type housings among urban life-type housings to investigate the physical characteristic and crime-related factors of studios from the viewpoint of the basic principles of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). Method: Eight CPTED guidelines available in Korea were reviewed to select 20 planing factors for actual condition investigation. Five single households in studio-type housings in Gwanak-gu, Seoul, were chosen according to the subject screening criteria to perform the actual condition investigation. Results: First, a lighting plan around a building for natural surveillance should consider the building location, relation with the front road, and surrounding facilities. In a building of a piloti structure, the parking lot and the building gate should be arranged in a manner that enables natural surveillance. Second, the shape of the corridors in studio-type housings should be considered to plan the installation of a lighting at the door of each household, the installation of a viewer window at the door of each household, and the arrangement of the elevator. Third, to support access control, an access control system having the function of video and voice communication is recommended to be installed at the building gate. Criteria for the type of security windows and the floors on which security windows should be installed, and the regulations about the CCTV installation inside and outside the building should be prepared. Fourth, to enhance territoriality in parking lots, ground patterns, parking lot gate, and signs may be installed. Fifth, in view of effective utilization and maintenance, lighting facilities should be installed to increase the usability of ground parking lots, and relevant installation criteria should be prepared regarding the type, number, and brightness of the lightings.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.109-116
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• 2018

This paper describes an area-efficient design of SHA-256 hash function that is widely used in various security protocols including digital signature, authentication code, key generation. The SHA-256 hash processor includes a padder block for padding and parsing input message, so that it can operate without software for preprocessing. Round function was designed with a 16-bit data-path that processed 64 round computations in 128 clock cycles, resulting in an optimized area per throughput (APT) performance as well as small area implementation. The SHA-256 hash processor was verified by FPGA implementation using Virtex5 device, and it was estimated that the throughput was 337 Mbps at maximum clock frequency of 116 MHz. The synthesis for ASIC implementation using a $0.18-{\mu}m$ CMOS cell library shows that it has 13,251 gate equivalents (GEs) and it can operate up to 200 MHz clock frequency.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.31 no.6A
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• pp.640-647
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• 2006

This paper describes a design of AES-based CCMP(Counter mode with CBC-MAC Protocol) core for IEEE 802.11i wireless LAN security. To maximize the performance of CCMP core, two AES cores are used, one is the counter mode for data confidentiality and the other is the CBC node for authentication and data integrity. The S-box that requires the largest hardware in ARS core is implemented using composite field arithmetic, and the gate count is reduced by about 27% compared with conventional LUT(Lookup Table)-based design. The CCMP core was verified using Excalibur SoC kit, and a MPW chip is fabricated using a 0.35-um CMOS standard cell technology. The test results show that all the function of the fabricated chip works correctly. The CCMP processor has 17,000 gates, and the estimated throughput is about 353-Mbps at 116-MHz@3.3V, satisfying 54-Mbps data rate of the IEEE 802.11a and 802.11g specifications.