• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 1995

Nitric oxide (NO) has been regarded as one of the neurotransmitters of nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) nerve stimulation in rabbit corpus cavernosum, rat gastric fundus and human intestine. PIANO (photo-induced adequate nitric oxide) is a very useful tool to investige the role of NO in various smooth muscles where NO is a mediator. The present study was undertaken to compare the physiological responses of the rat gastric smooth muscle in response to NANC nerve stimulation and to PIANO. Photolysis of L-NAME, D-NAME and streptozotocin (572) by UV light in the bathing medium caused relaxation of rat gastric fungus that contracted with carbachol, but was resistant to tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 $\mu$M). Electrical stimulation (20 V, 2~32 Hz, 0.2 msec, 10s) of the gastric fundus, in the presence of atropine and guanethidine, induced frequency-dependent, TTX-sensitive relaxation. Sodium nitroprusside (1 nM-10 $\mu$M), a NO donor, mimicked the relaxations observed after NANC-stimulation or PIANO. Furthermore, PIANO caused UV light exposure time-dependent increase of CGMP in rat gastric fungus strips. These results provide another evidence indirectly that NO is one of the mediators of the NANC inhibitory nerve stimulation in the rat gastric fundus.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 1997

The relaxation of gastric fundus smooth muscles is the primary physiological event which induces the receptive relaxation of monogastric animals. L-arginine/Nitric oxide(L-arg/NO) system is known to mediate the inhibitory non-adrenergic non-cholinergic(NANC) neurotransmission in various tissues including gastrointestinal smooth muscles. The longitudinal smooth muscles of porcine gastric fundus showed fast relaxation during electrical field stimulation(EFS) and rebound contraction after EFS in NANC condition. So, the purpose of present study was elucidation of the neurotrasmitters related to the NANC relaxation and explanation of the relation between NANC relaxation and L-arg/NO system. The longitdinal smooth muscles of porcine gastric fundus were hung in the organ bath and under the presence of guanethidine($5{\times}10^{-5}M$), precontraction was induced by carbachol($1{\times}10^{-6}M$). The muscle responses to EFS and drugs were isomerically recorded. The rusults were summarized as follows. 1. The longtudinal muscles of porcine gastric fundus showed frequency-dependent relaxation and rebound contraction to electrical field stimulaton(1ms, 8V, 1~16Hz, 20sec, EFS). These responses were blocked by tetrodotoxin($1{\times}10^{-6}M$). 2. The relaxation and rebound contraction of the longitudinal muscles of porcine gastric fundus to EFS were inhibited by L-NAME($2{\times}10^{-5}M$). The inhibitory effect of L-NAME was antagonized by L-arginine($1{\times}10^{-3}M$), but not by D-arginine($1{\times}10^{-3}M$). 3. Exogenous NO($NaNO_2$, $1{\times}10^{-5}{\sim}1{\times}10^{-4}M$, pH=2.0) caused concentration-dependent relaxation as EFS did. 4. Methylene Blue($2{\times}10^{-5}M$), a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, inhibited the relaxation and rebound contraction of the longitudinal muscles of porcine gastric fundus induced by EFS, but N-ethlmaleimide, a adenylate cyclase inhibitor, did not. 5. 8-Br-cGMP($1{\times}10^{-6}{\sim}3{\times}10^{-6}M$), permeable cGMP analogue, induced dose-dependent relaxation. but 8-Br-cAMP($1{\times}10^{-6}{\sim}3{\times}10^{-6}M$), permeable cAMP analogue, did not. Both did not evoked rebound contraction. 6. ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin did not affect the relaxation of the longitudinal muscles of porcine gastric fundus. 7. Reactive blue 2($1{\times}10^{-4}M$, 40min) siginificantly inhibited the rebound contraction induced by EFS and inhibited contraction caused by exogenous ATP($1{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}1{\times}10^{-3}M$). These results suggests that NANC relaxation of the longitudinal muscles of porcine gastric fundus mainly mediated by NO and the rebound contraction is related to NO and other neurotransmitters.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.190-196
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• 2005

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is uncommon in developed countries, yet is common in underdeveloped and developing countries. Infection rate of H. pylori is minimally influenced by economic, environmental, and public health status and genetic factors. Korea is a developing country with a high incidence of H. pylori infection and gastric carcinoma, which is one of the leading causes of death. For this reason, accurate clinical and pathologic data on H. pylori-associated disease are very important. Intestinal metaplasia accompanies chronic gastritis and increases the risk of gastric carcinoma. For this reason, the relationship between H. pylori infection and intestinal metaplasia is very closely linked. Because of this, as the antecedent condition is guessed, it examines the relationship of the H. pylori and the intestinal metaplasia. Intestinal metaplasia is thought to be the basis in the development of intestinal type gastric carcinomas. Recent investigations showed that inflammatory reaction in the gastric fundus affect the development of gastric carcinogenesis. To verify neutrophilic activity in the gastric fundus and development of intestinal metaplasia in both gastric fundus and antral mucosa, their relationship was studied using 159 healthy patients who had undergone gastric endoscopic biopsies without any identifiable pathologic disesaes. When neutrophilic activity accompanied, incidence of intestinal metaplasia was significantly increased (p<0.05). H. pylori infection was statistically and significantly associated with the presence of intestinal metaplasia (p<0.05). These results suggest that H. pylori infection affected the development of intestinal metaplasia in the stomach. These results will help our understanding of H. pylori infection in the pathogenesis of intestinal metaplasia, a preneoplastic condition of the stomach. To reduce the incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma, eradication treatment of H. pylori is recommended when there's a neutrophilic activity in the gastric fundus.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2013

We investigated the effects of Ponciri Fructus (PF) and Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (AI) on the cicular and longitudinal smooth muscle of rat gastric fundus. Methanol extracts of PF (PFM) and AI (AIM), water-fractions (PFW, AIW) and chloroform-fractions (PFC, AIC) of the extracts induced relaxation in the rat fundic circular muscle pre-contracted by U46619. All extracts showed relaxation without significant differences among the extracts. In the longitudinal smooth muscle, PFM and its water fraction, PFW, showed multiphasic effects, fast relaxation and rebound contraction followed by lasting relaxation. AIM and AIW showed diphasic effects, transient contraction followed by lasting relaxation. However, PFC and AIC induced only relaxation in the rat fundic longitudinal muscle contracted by U46619. PFM showed significantly more effective relaxation compared with PFW, AIM and AIW. Hesperidin, flavonoids known as common constituent of PF and AI and it's an aglycon, hesperetin, induced relaxation in both fundic circular and longitudinal smooth muscle pre-contracted by U46619. Poncirin, known as flavonoid content of PF showed also induced relaxation in the both circular and longitudinal smooth muscle pre-contracted by U46619. These results suggest that both PF and AI has relaxing effects on the gastric fundus smooth muscle and its effects might be caused by their flavonoids constituents.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.111-129
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• 1990

Based on the gross lesion, a survey of ulcer prevalence was carried out on pigs (3,161 heads) at a slaughterhouse in seoul from April to December in 1989. The pigs stomachs were observed anatomically and classified, according to the presence or absence of foreign bodies. Ulcer prevalence is usually classified according to size of pig farm, ages, and supplied month. The results in the studies were as follows, 1. Fundus followed the highest rate with 28.2%, esophagus with 24.5％ each of cardiac and pyloric part with 7.8% and 4.1％ in cases of gastric mucosa pathological studies examed total 3,161. In the acute ulcer prevalence, fundus follwed with 5.4%, esophagus with 2.6%, each of cardiac and pyloric part with 0.8% and 0.3%. When prevalent frequencies of fundus are compared with cardiac and pyloric part, they have meaning.(P <0.05). 2. In the survey pig of total 3,161, pathological changes of epithelium tissue foliowed 44.0%, erosion(11.5%), chronic ulcer(14.8%), acute ulcer(1.6%), scar formation (1.7%) and perforation (0.9%). 3. In general monthly prevalence rates of gastric lesion are higher in spring and fall than in summer. 4. In the size of pig farms, ulcer showed higher rate at professional farms than raising on the side. 5. When there are more fluid condition in stomach and they are old, the ulcer appeared for more. 6. Foreign bodies in stomach were sand, hairballs, and intestinal worms were detected (1%).

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.297-303
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• 2012

This study was designed to elucidate high $K^+$-induced relaxation in the human gastric fundus. Circular smooth muscle from the human gastric fundus greater curvature showed stretch-dependent high $K^+$ (50 mM)-induced contractions. However, longitudinal smooth muscle produced stretch-dependent high $K^+$-induced relaxation. We investigated several relaxation mechanisms to understand the reason for the discrepancy. Protein kinase inhibitors such as KT 5823 (1 ${\mu}M$) and KT 5720 (1 ${\mu}M$) which block protein kinases (PKG and PKA) had no effect on high $K^+$-induced relaxation. $K^+$ channel blockers except 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), a voltage-dependent $K^+$ channel ($K_V$) blocker, did not affect high $K^+$ -induced relaxation. However, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine and 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo (4,3-A)quinoxalin-1-one, an inhibitors of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and 4-AP inhibited relaxation and reversed relaxation to contraction. High $K^+$-induced relaxation of the human gastric fundus was observed only in the longitudinal muscles from the greater curvature. These data suggest that the longitudinal muscle of the human gastric fundus greater curvature produced high $K^+$-induced relaxation that was activated by the nitric oxide/sGC pathway through a $K_V$ channel-dependent mechanism.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.133-146
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• 1991

In order to elucidate systematically the effects of serotonin on gastric motility of guinea-pig, the contractile and electrical responses to serotonin were recorded using four kinds of muscle strips prepared from antral circular, antral longitudinal, fundic circular, and fundic longitudinal muscles. Experiments were performed using various methods including isometric contraction recording, transmural electrical field stimulation, junction potential recording, intracellular microelectrode technique, and partition stimulation method. The results were as follows: 1) The effect of serotonin on spontaneous contractions was inhibitory in the circular muscle strips of the antrum and fundus, while it was excitatory in the longitudinal muscle strips of the antrum and fundus. Serotonin changed mainly phasic contractions of both the circular and longitudinal muscle strips in the antrum, while it changed mainly tonic contractions of both the circular and longitudinal muscle strips in the fundus. 2) On the contractions induced by transmural nerve stimulation, serotonin decreased the amplitude in the circular muscle strips of the antrum, but it increased them in the other three groups of muscle strips(antral longitudinal, fundic circular, and fundic longitudinal). 3) On the contractions induced by direct muscle stimulation, serotonin decreased the amplitude in the circular muscle strips of the antrum and fundus. 4) In the fundic circular muscle strips serotonin potentiated excitatory junction potentials (EJPs), and in the antral circular muscle strips it evoked EJPs after inhibitory junction potentials(IJPS). 5) In the antral circular muscle strips serotonin did not affect the slow wave even at the disappearance of spontaneous contractions. On the contrary it increased the amplitude of the slow wave, when the spike component was potentiated and the second component was inhibited. 6) In the antral circular muscle strips the membrane potential was slightly hyperpolarized, but the membrane resistance was not changed. From the above results following conclusions could be made. 1) Serotonin inhibits spontaneous contractions of the circular muscle layer and it increases those of the longitudinal one, irrespective of the gastric region. 2) In the guinea-pig stomach there exists a serotoninergic facilitatory neuromodulation system which exerts its effect on cholinergically mediated contraction. 3) The excitation-contraction decoupling was observed in the effect of serotonin.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.693-706
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• 1997

The present study was designed to investigate the morphological developments of the stomach in the prenatal and postnatal rats. The gastric fundus of 16- to 22-day-old fetuses, neonates, 7-day-old, 14-day-old, 21-day-old, and adult rats were observed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Light microscopic studies. 1. In the 16-day-old fetuses, the walls of the gastric fundus were differentiated into epithelium, lamina propria, muscle layer, and serosa. The lamina propria was composed of mesenchymal connective tissue cells with sparse nucleus and their fibers. 2. In the 17-day-old fetuses, the muscular layer were differentiated into the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. 3. The epithelium on the fundus of stomach was stratified columnar cells at 16-, 17- and 18-day-old fetuses, but partly converted into simple columnar epithelium at 19-day-old fetuses. 4. The mucous cells were positive by PAS reaction at the 19-day-old fetuses and then these developed rapidly within 1 or 2 days before birth. 5. In the 20-day -old fetuses, the parietal cells were distinguished from other type cells and these cells were chiefly crowded in the middle parts of the gastric glands after 7-day-old. Scanning electron microscopic studies. 6. The surface of gastric mucosa was covered with forms of the various protrusions by forming villi at the last few days before birth and these protrusion forms were fused and folded each other. 7. The mucosal surface was closely packed by polygonal mucous cells. The openings of gastric glands were seen as slit-like round invagination and were more numerous and increased gradually in depth after the postnatal life. The above findings indicate that prominent changes occurred in the pattern of cellular proliferation in the stomach fundus at the end of gestation. The gastric epithelium had well-defined glands composed of parietal, chief and mucous cells just before the birth. The stomach fundus, therefore, were developed morphologically as those of normal adult at fourteen days after birth.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.58-62
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• 2016

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common primary mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract and usually appear as a well-circumscribed mass. However, it may be difficult to confirm the extent of the disease for some GISTs. A 70-year-old asymptomatic female presented for a regular physical exam. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed a 2.0 cm protruding mass on the gastric fundus. Endoscopic ultrasound revealed an ill-defined heterogenous hypoechoic lesion ($3.0{\times}1.5cm$). A computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated a 4.5 cm multifocal calcified mass at the gastric body as well as at the gastric fundus. Laparoscopic gastric wedge resection was performed according to the extent of multifocal calcifications that are shown on the CT. Intraoperative specimen mammography and intraoperative biopsy might be helpful to obtain a tumor-free margin. Final pathologic diagnosis was an intermediate risk GIST in multilobular form. In patients with diffuse multifocal calcifications in the stomach, the possibility of GIST should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.472-477
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• 1999

To elucidate the action of the cholinergic and adrenergic nerve on isolated gastric fundus smooth muscle of rabbit, the effects of electrical transmural stimulation were investigated in the presence of atropine, cholinergic receptor blocker; phentolamine, nonselective ${\alpha}$-adrenergic receptor blocker; propranolol, nonselective ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor blocker and L-arginine from the isometric contraction of physiological recording system. 1. The contractile response induced by electrical transmural stimulation was increased as the frequency(1~32Hz)-dependent manner on the isolated gastric fundus smooth muscle. 2. The contractile response induced by electrical transmural stimulation was markedly inhibited by the pretreatment of atropine($1{\mu}M$). 3. The contractile response induecd by electrical transmutal stimulation was inhibited by the pretreatment of phentolamine($1{\mu}M$). 4. The relaxative response induced by electrical transmural stimulation on presence of atropine ($1{\mu}M$) was inhibited by the pretreatment of propranolol($1{\mu}M$). 5. The relaxative responses on precontraction induced by histamine($10{\mu}M$) with guanethidine ($50{\mu}M$) and atropine($1{\mu}M$) by electrical transmural stimulation were increased by L-arginine (1mM). These findings suggest that it was the excitatory action of cholinergic and ${\alpha}$-adrenergic nerve, and the inhibitory action of ${\beta}$-adrenergic nerve and nonadrenergic noncholinergic nerve on the isolated gastric fundus smooth muscle of rabbit.