• 한국토양환경학회지
• /
• 제4권3호
• /
• pp.3-15
• /
• 1999

기존의 SVE 공정에 공기 대신 오존을 주입하여 유류물질의 지중분해를 유도하고 추출가스의 처리부담을 최소화할 수 있는 복원 신공정 개발을 위한 기초연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 비휘발성 유류물질인 디젤유를 처리대상물질로 하여 토양칼럼실험을 통해 오존주입에 의한 지중분해 가능성을 검토하였다. 수분함량 8.39%의 실토양에 디젤유를 혼합하여(초기농도 1,485mg-DRO/kg-soil)칼럼에 충진시킨 후 119.0$\pm$6.1mg/L의 농도를 가지는 오존가스를 50mL/min의 유량으로 연속 주입하였을 때 14시간 반응후 칼럼 상 하부의 디젤유 제거율은 각각 87.9%, 100.0%를 나타내어 비교적 빠른 시간내에 효과적으로 처리되는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 동일한 조건에서 오존가스 대신 공기를 주입하였을 때 공기 유입 및 유출부 모두 총 14시간 동안의 접촉시간 동안 30%이내의 제거율을 나타냄에 따라 디젤오염토양에 대한 기존 SVE공정의 적용한계를 확인하였다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.91-99
• /
• 1996

Ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides were measured at Kosan, Cheju Island, Korea during the period of March 11 .sim. April 19, 1994. During the measurement period, the average SO$_{2}$ and NOx concentrations were about 0.97 ppb and 3.5 ppb, respectively. Average NO concentration was below the detection limit and thus the effect of NO during the period was negligible. The concentrations of SO$_{2}$ and Nox were lower than those at other urban area in Korea but higher than other remote areas in the world. Average $O_{3}$ concentration for the period was about 55 ppb, slightly higher than or comparable to those at remote marine areas in the world. Detailed analyses of trend of gaseous species concentrations show that the effects of local NO emission sources for NOx concentration were significant during the period, while those of local SO$_{2}$ emission sources were not high. Backward trajectory analysis results show that when SO$_{2}$ or $O_{3}$ concentration was higher than the average concentrations, the air parcels were transported from China.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제31권5호
• /
• pp.382-391
• /
• 2009

본 연구에서 2006년 3월부터 2008년 11월까지 측정한 총 가스상 수은(TGM)과 가스상 산화수은(RGM)의 농도는 각각 2.10 ${\pm}$ 1.50 ng/$m^3$, 3.00 ${\pm}$ 3.14 pg/$m^3$으로 나타났다. RGM 농도는 밤보다 낮 시간에 월등히 높은 농도를 보였으며 이는 낮에 고농도로 존재하는 오존 등 산화제에 의한 광화학 반응으로 인하여 가스상 산화수은이 생성되는 것으로 설명할 수 있다. 한편 안개 발생 횟수가 많은 춘천에서는 가스상 산화수은 농도와 오존농도가 특히 안개일에 유의미한 상관관계를 보였다. 이는 액적 상태일 때, 금속수은($Hg^0$)의 산화반응에서 오존이 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 총 가스상 수은은 대표적인 장거리 이동 오염물질인 CO 및 $PM_{10}$과는 상관관계를 보이는 반면, 국지 오염물질인 $NO_2$와는 상관관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 수은의 주요 발생원이 산업시설에서의 화석연료의 연소라는 것을 고려할 때, 산업시설이 부재한 춘천에서는 총 가스상 수은의 농도가 지역 오염원에 의해서는 크게 영향을 받지 않는다는 것으로 판단된다. 그리고 총 가스상 수은의 고농도와 저농도를 대표하는 시료의 역궤적을 계산한 결과, 춘천의 총 가스상 수은 농도에 영향을 주는 지역은 선양, 베이징을 포함한 중국의 산업지역이라는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.39-50
• /
• 2001

The spatial distribution characteristics of airborbe mercury(Hg) were investigated used its concentration data from six measurement sites selected to represent:(1) three terminal sites with heavy traffic loads in urban area, (2) one urban residential site and (3) two mountainous sites in Korea. The measurement data obtained during September 1997 through May 1998 indicated that the mean concentration of Hg from different study sites were comparably high with the mean values spanning from 5-9ng./㎥. The concentration from all those sites were systmatically high compared to those of most background sites around world or to other Korean sites investigaed previously. When results of correlation analysis between Hg and relevant parameters were compared among different study sites. temperature was most frequently found out to be in strong correlation with Hg concentrations. Results of factor analysis also indicated that Hg concentrations could be affected simultaneously by th factors affecting such parameters as ozone, temperature, ozone, carbon monoxide, and PM. The findings of enhanced Hg levels from Ji-Ri Mountain relative to terminal site suggest that is distributions may be rather homogeneous not enough to clearly distinguish areal differences and the associated source signatures between urban and rural area. The existence of systmatically high concentrations from all investigated sites also indicate that the impact of its source processes should be quite ubiquitous, while highly variable in relatively long term scale.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.108-121
• /
• 1998

Using gas chromatography, the light hydrocarbon emissions were analyzed from SI engine fueled with methane and liquified petroleum gas(LPG), and the effects of fuel and engine operating condition were discussed. For this purpose, 14 species of light hydrocarbon including 1, 3-butadiene were separated, calibrated with standard gas, and measured from undiluted emissions. The brake specific hydrocarbon emission(BSHC) and ozone forming potential(BSO)3 were calculated and discussed with the changes of fuel, engine speed, load, fuel/air equivalence ratio, coolant temperature, and spark timing. As a result, exhaust emission was composed of mainly fuel composed of mainly fuel comp- onent and other olefin components of similar carbon number. The olefin components such as ethylene and propylene determine most of the ozone forming potential. The fraction of fuel component in total hydrocarbon emission was bigger with methane fuel than with LPG fuel. Also fuel fraction increased at high speed or high speed or high temperature of exhaust gas, and to lesser extent with high coolant temperature and retarded spark. However, the effect of equivalence ratio had different tendency according to fuels.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.791-804
• /
• 2011

Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the impact of PBL (Planetary boundary layer) scheme implemented in WRF on the result of meteorological fields and CMAQ modeling. 25-day period, representing high ozone concentration, was selected for the simulations. The three WRF domains covered East Asia region, Korean Peninsula and Seoul metropolitan area. The sensitivity of WRF-CMAQ modeling to the various PBL schemes was assessed and quantified by comparing model output and against observation from the meteorological and the air quality monitoring network within the domain. The meteorological variables evaluated included temperature, wind speed and direction over surface sites and upper air sounding sites. The CMAQ variables included gaseous species $O_3$ and $NO_x$ over monitoring stations. Although difference of PBL schemes implemented in WRF, they did not appreciably affect the WRF and CMAQ performance. There are partially differences between non-local and local mixing scheme, but are not distinct differences for the results of weather and air quality. It is suggested that impact of parameterization of vertical eddy diffusivity scheme in CMAQ also need to be researched in the future study.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.56-75
• /
• 2018

Korean Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) have been established since the late 2001 to monitor ambient air concentrations of VOC species, which would enhance understanding photo-chemical formation of ozone and subsequently contribute to developing efficient ozone control strategies. The present study aims at identifying major VOC species and examining their trends by analyzing PAMS monitoring data collected from the year 2006 to 2016. All the 18 PAMS sites operated by the Ministry of Environment were included in the study. PAMS monitored the 56 target VOC species, which are classified into four groups, alkenes, lower alkanes ($C{\leq}3$), higher alkanes ($C{\geq}4$), aromatics. The higher alkanes and aromatics dominated over the lower alkanes and alkenes in the type 2 and 3 PAMS sites except Joongheung site. N-butane was a major alkane species, toluene was a major aromatic species and most of VOCs showed decreasing trends in these sites. On the other hand, only the alkenes showed decreasing trends at the Joongheung site in Yeosu. Major sources of abundant species such as ethane, propane, n-butane, toluene were estimated by analyzing seasonal variations, correlation with other VOC species, and emission profiles. A major source of n-butane was identified as LPG cars, while major sources of toluene varied considerably from one site to another. The lower alkanes were composed of ethane and propane, both of which showed a strong seasonal variation, low in the summer and high in the winter, indicating that a major source might be the heating by gaseous fuels. Ozone formation potentials of VOC species were evaluated by applying MIR and POCP to the measured VOC species concentrations. Toluene contributed the most to total ozone forming potentials followed by m,p-xylene for all the type 2 and 3 PAMS sites except for two sites in Yeosu-Gwangyang. Ethylene and propylene were the first and second contributors to total ozone forming potentials at Joongheung site in Yeosu.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.775-784
• /
• 2000

본 연구는 그리스 대체표면을 사용한 건식침적판(knife-leading-edge surrogate surface)과 물표면 채취기(water surface sampler)를 이용하여 질산염(입자상, 가스상)의 전식침적량을 직접 측정하였다. 평균 가스상 건식침적량($8.3mg/m^2/day$) 이 입자상 건식침적량($3.0mg/m^2/day$)에 비해 훨씬 큰 값을 나타내었다. 직접 측정한 질산염의 가스상 건식침적량과 대기 중 질산($HNO_3$) 농도 사이의 선형회귀분석을 통하여 질산의 가스상 질량전달계수률 구하였다. 이와 같이 구한 질산의 질량전달계수는 이산화황($SO_2$)의 질량전달계수의 약 2배가 되는 값을 보여주었다. 특히, 오존주의보시에는 Graham의 확산법칙을 사용하여 이산화황의 질량전달계수로부터 계산한 질산의 질량전달계수와 대기 중 질산 농도와의 곱으로 추정된 질산염의 가스상 건식침적량에 비해, 측정된 건식침적량이 훨씬 높은 값을 나타내는 특이한 현상을 보였다. 이 결과는 질산 외의 가스상 화학종이 질소산화물의 가스상 건식침적량에 영향을 미친다는 사실을 나타내고 있다. 이론적인 계산결과에 의하면 아질산($HNO_2$) 과 PAN이 질소산화물의 가스상 건식침적량에 기여할 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.347-361
• /
• 2003

Sulfur dioxide (SO$_2$), ozone, total suspended particulates (TSP) and PM$_{2.5}$ were measured at Deokjeok Island in the Yellow Sea during April 1999 to June 2000. Although the emission amount of air pollutants is quite low in this small island of 36 km$^2$ with 1.4 thousand inhabitants, there are pollutant sources such as an oil -firing power plant and a wharf for ferryboat. The island is also influenced from the emissions from the greater Seoul area in the east and from China in the west. In order to characterize the pollutant variations due to interactions between transport and local emissions. the correlation between variations of SO$_2$ and ozone was investigated. Mass and ion concentrations of TSP and PM$_{2.5}$ were examined on selected episode days of positive and negative correlations between the two gaseous species in spring and winter. The effects of transport were pronounced on the days of positive correlation in spring with higher concentrations of ozone and PM$_{2.5}$. TSP concentrations were also high on these days because of high wind speeds. On the days of negative correlation in spring, frequent fog associated with low wind speeds facilitated SO$_2$ oxidation and increased sulfate accompanied with decrease in nitrate in PM$_{2.5}$ and chloride in TSP. This latter phenomena was noticeable since it showed that chemical composition of fine particles could be significantly altered not only during the transport but also by local environment.ronment.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제11권6호
• /
• pp.86-92
• /
• 2003

To analyze the characteristics of ozone formation, measurements of the concentrations of individual exhaust hydrocarbon species have been made under various engine operating parameters in a 2-liter 4-cylinder engine for natural gas and LPG. Tests were performed at constant engine speed, 1800 rpm for two compression ratios of 8.6 and 10.6, with various operating parameters, such as excess air ratio of 1.0~1.6, bmep of 250~800 na and spark timing of BTDC 10~$55^{\circ}$. It was found that the natural gas gave the less ozone formation than LPG in various operating conditions. This was accomplished by reducing the emissions of propylene($C_3H_6$), which has relatively high maximum incremental reactivity factor, and propane($C_3H_8$) that originally has large portion of LPG. In addition, the natural gas show lower values in the specific reactivity and brake specific reactivity. Higher compression ratio of the test engine showed higher non methane HC emissions. However, specific reactivity value decreased since fuel species of HC emissions increase. brake specific reactivity showed almost same values under high bmep, over 500kPa for both fuels. This means that the increase of non methane HC emissions and the decrease of specific reactivity with higher bmep affect each other simultaneously. With advanced spark timing, brake specific reactivity values of LPG were increased while those of natural gas showed almost constant values.