• KSBB Journal
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.469-474
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• 1994

The purpose of the work was to evaluate the feasibility of a biological treatment process for the phenoxy alkanoic herbicide 2,4-D(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) as a commercial pesticide. The phenoxy herbicide was 2,4-D amine salts which contained 40%(vol/vol) 2,4-D and 60%(vol/vol) solvent. A microbial consortium has been derived by enrichment with 2,4-D. The consortium utilized 2,4-D as the sole source of carbon and energy. Optimal pH on the 2,4-D degradation was 7.0 in this experiment. As concentrations of 2,4-D were increased, the degradation by microbial consontium became inhibited. The amendment with yeast extract and ascorbic acid accelerated the degradation of 2,4-D. High performance liquid chromatography methodology was used to measure 2,4-D and it also resolved 2,4-DCP(2,4-dichlorophenol), the corresponding phenol as intermediate. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for preliminary identification of the intermediate 2,4-DCP. UV scans of spent cultures showed that the maximum absorption of 2,4-D at the wavelength of 283 nm was decreased toward the end of incubation, but the consortium displayed no detectable spectral changes or peak shifts in the UV absorbance.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 2013

We tested for residual pesticide levels in dried vegetables in Seoul, Korea. A total of 100 samples of 13 different types of agricultural products were analyzed by a gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphate detector (GC-NPD), an electron capture detector (GC-${\mu}ECD$), a mass spectrometry detector (GC-MSD), and a high performance liquid chromatography- ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). We used multi-analysis methods to analyze for 253 different pesticide types. Among the selected agricultural products, residual pesticides were detected in 11 samples, of which 2 samples (2.0%) exceeded the Korea Maximum Residue limits (MRLs). We detected pesticide residue in 6 of 9 analyzed dried pepper leaves and 1 sample exceeded the Korea MRLs. Data obtained were then used for estimating the potential health risks associated with the exposures to these pesticides. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) range from 0.1% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for bifenthrin to 8.4% of the ADI for cadusafos. The most critical commodity is cadusafos in chwinamul, contributing 8.4% to the hazard index (HI). This results show that the detected pesticides could not be considered a serious public health problem. Nevertheless, an investigation into continuous monitoring is recommended.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 1976

The composition of fatty acids and sterols in the muscle lipid of eel, Anguilla japonicus Temminck & Schlegel was investigated quantitatively by using gas liquid chromatography(GLC) and the sterols separated from unsaponifiable matter by thin-layer chromatography were identified by GLC, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and GLC-mass spectrometry respectively. The fatty acids of the muscle lipid consisted of the large amount of C18:1 $(40.98\%)$, $C16:0(23.71\%)$, $C16:1(13.37\%)$ acids, and small amount of $C14:0(7.19\%),\;C18:0(5.55\%),\;C20:1(1.83\%),\;18:2(1.42\%)$ acids, and $C18:3(0.92\%),\;C15:0(0.73\%),\;C14:1(0.50\%)$ acids were smaller, Choleterol$(96.58\%)$ was a major component of the sterol fraction and 24-methylene cholesterol $(3.42\%)$ was also detected as a minor component.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.165-169
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• 2016

The quantitative analytical method for the bioactive substance, 3-cyano-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone (ricinine) and an index compound, ricinoleic acid in castor plant (Ricinus communis) extract or oil was developed. For the determination of a pyridone alkaloid compound, ricinine, successive cartridge cleanup method combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography was set up with $ENVI-Carb^{TM}$ (0.5 g) and $C_{18}$ SPE cartridges. Accuracy and precision were evaluated through fortification studies of one biopesticide (PE) at 10 and $100mg\;kg^{-1}$. Mean recoveries of ricinine were 98.7 and 96.0 % associated with less than 10 % RSD, respectively. For the determination of ricinoleic acid in castor extract and oil, saponification and methylation were optimized using gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry. Recovery was more than 84.8 % associated with 6.2 % RSD after derivatization procedure. Both methodologies developed were applied to analyze real samples including three castor oil products and six commercially available biopesticides containing R. communis, collected at Korean market. The contents of ricinine and ricinoleic acid in most commercial biopesticides were less than the oil or extract contents indicated by label.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.187-192
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• 2022

Wolfiporia cocos is an edible fungus commercially cultivated in Asia. To investigate metabolic changes of W. cocos mycelia under both light and dark culture conditions, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were performed. In terms of the total amount of sugars, alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, and purines, there no significant differences between the W. cocos mycelia cultivated under light (L) or dark (D) conditions (p < 0.05). However, there were some differences with respect to the production of particular sugars and proteins. The levels of trehalose (L: 17.2 ± 0.3% vs. D: 13.9 ± 1.6%), maltose (L: 0.9 ± 0.1% vs. D: 0.3 ± 0.1%), turanose (L: 0.7 ± 0.2% vs. D: 0.1 ± 0.1%), glutamine (L: 1.6 ± 0.3% vs. D: 0.7 ± 0.2%), and proline (L: 0.3 ± 0% vs. D: 0.1 ± 0%) were all significantly higher under light condition (p < 0.05). In contrast, the levels of galactose (L: 13.7 ± 1.2% vs. D: 17.6 ± 2.0%), aspartic acid (L: 0.6 ± 0.1 % vs. D: 0.9 ± 0.1%), cystathionine (L: 0.6 ± 0.1% vs. D: 0.8 ± 0 %), and malic acid (L: 0.7 ± 0.1% vs. D: 1.2 ± 0.1%) were higher under the dark condition. It is worth noting that the amount of pachymic acid, a pharmaceutically active compound of W. cocos, was 1.68 times greater under the light condition (p < 0.05).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1516-1516
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• 2001

During the recent years, wine analysis has played an increasing role due the health benefits of phenolic ingredients in red wine [1]. On the other hand there is the need to be able to distinguish between different wine varieties. Consumers want to know if a wine is an adulterated one or if it is based on the pure grape. Producers need to certificate their wines in order to ensure compliance with legal regulations. Up to now, the attempts to investigate the origin of wines were based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PMS) [l,2,3]. These methods need sample pretreatment, long analysis times and therefore lack of high sample throughput. In contradiction to these techniques using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), no sample pretreatment is necessary and the analysis time for one sample is only about 10 seconds. Hence, a near infrared spectroscopic method is presented that allows a fast classification of wine varieties in bottled red wines. For this, the spectra of 50 bottles of Cabernet Sauvignon, Lagrein and Sangiovese (Chianti) were recorded without any sample pretreatment over a wavelength range from 1000 to 2500 nm with a resolution of 12 cm$\^$-1/. 10 scans were used for an average spectrum. In order to yield best reproducibility, wines were thermostated at 23$^{\circ}C$ and a optical layer thickness of 3 mm was used. All recorded spectra were partitioned into a calibration and validation set (70% and 30%). Finally, a 3d scatter plot of the different investigated varieties allowed to distinguish between Cabernet Sauvignon, Lagrein and Sangiovese (Chianti). Considering the short analysis times this NRS-method will be an interesting tool for the quality control of wine verification and also for experienced sommeliers.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.124-138
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• 2023

This study was carried out to determine the effects of adding pistachio shell (PIS), pomegranate hull (POM), and olive pulp (OP) to the diet on milk amino acid and fatty acid parameters in Awassi sheep. In the study, 40 head of Awassi sheep, which gave birth at least twice, were used as animal material. Sheep were fed a control diet without added byproducts (CON), rations containing PIS, POM, and OP. Milk amino acid profile was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, milk fatty acid gas chromatography-flame ionization detection device. There was a dramatic reduction in alanine, citrulline, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, leucine, ornithine and alphaaminoadipic acid in the research groups. In the PIS group, argininosuccinic acid, gammaminobutyric acid, beta-alanine and sarcosine; In the POM group, asparagine, gammaminobutyric acid, beta-alanine, and taurine; In the OP group, a significant positive increase was found in terms of alanine, histidine, gammaminobutyric acid, and taurine amino acids. The applications in the study did not have a statistically significant effect on the ratio of short, medium and long chain fatty acids in milk (p>0.05). In the presented study, it was determined that PIS, POM, and OP, which were added to the sheep rations at a rate of 5%, caused significant changes in the milk amino acid profiles. In this change in milk amino acid profiles, the benefit-harm relationship should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.247-258
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• 1994

A total of 31 commercial dried marine food products, consisting of 14 fishes, 2 shellfishes and 2 seaweeds species were analyzed for their contents of precusors of N-nitrosamine such as dimethylamine(DMA), trimethylamine(TMA), trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), betaine and nitrate and nitrite nitrogen as factors of N-nitrosamine formation. Carcinogenic N-nitrosamines were extracted by a steam distillation apparatus and were analyzed for their components using a gas chromatography-thermal energy analyzer. N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) was confirmed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The contents of betaine nitrogen in samples were in the range of $5.2{\sim}373.8mg\%$ and were significantly higher than tertiary amines such as TMA and TMAO. DMA nitrogen in those samples was in the range of trace-31.2ppm and was high, in the dried shark(31.2ppm), alaska pollack($22.9{\sim}24.3ppm$) and octopus($17.9{\sim}18.4ppm$). In dried laver and sea mustard, however, amines were not detected at all. The levels of nitrate nitrogen in the dried marine samples ranged from zero to 16.8ppm and were high in the dried stingray(16.8ppm), alaska pollack(16.3ppm) and squid($2.2{\sim}12.4ppm$), but were less than 1.0 ppm in other samples. The levels of nitrite nitrogen were lower than those of nitrate nitrogen and it was not detected in dried sea cucumber, laver and sea mustard. Twenty eight of 31 samples contained NDMA($range=1.2{\sim}86.0ppb$), which was the only volatile N-nitroso compound found. The NDMA levels of dried stingray($2.8{\sim}86.0ppb$), alaska pollack($8.2{\sim}55.5ppb$), squid($3.3{\sim}53.2ppb$), yellow corvenia($45.9ppb$) and plain dried shrimp($15.4{\sim}17.9ppb$) were high. However, it was not detected in dried sea cucumber, laver and sea mustard. Samples, containing high levels of NDMA, also contained high nitrate and nitrite nitrogen. From above results, it can be concluded that nitrate and nitrite were major factors for the formation of NDMA in dried marine food products.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2019

This study was aimed at investigating the levels of the natural preservatives of benzoic, sorbic and propionic acids in cereal grains, nuts and seeds. Benzoic and sorbic acid were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) and further confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), whereas propionic acid was analyzed using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and further confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Benzoic, sorbic and propionic acids were found in 44, 22, and 550 samples out of 702 samples, respectively. From the total of 702 samples. The concentrations of benzoic, sorbic and propionic acid were ranged from not detected (ND) to 23.74 mg/L, from ND to 7.90 mg/L, and from ND to 37.39 mg/L in cereal grains, nuts and seeds, respectively. The concentration ranges determined in this study could be used as standard criteria in the process of inspecting cereal grains, nuts and seeds for preservatives as well as to address consumer complaints or trade disputes.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.221-225
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the usefulness of Perilla frutescens var. acuta as a natural spice. Volatile flavor components of dried Perilla frutescens var. acuta were extracted by supercritical fluid extraction method using diethyl ether as solvent. Essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Identification of volatile flavor components was based on the RI of GC and mass spectrum of GC-MS. A total of 24 components, including 4 hydrocarbons, 3 aldehydes, 8 alcohols, 4 esters, 3 acids and 2 miscellaneous components were identified in the essential oils. L-Perillaldehyde was found to be the major volatile flavor component of dried Perilla frutescens var. acuta. The masking effects of Perilla frutescens var. acuta on meaty and fishy flavor were measured by sensory evaluation. Meaty flavor was significantly reduced with the addition of 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% Perilla frutescens var. acuta. The addition of 0.1% and 0.2% powdered Perilla frutescens var. acuta also reduced the fishy flavor of mackerel.