• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제36권
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• pp.227-239
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• 2003

Korea and China can find the common feature derived from the mutual cultural exchanges, belonging to the same cultural sphere of the East Asia. It also applies to the stone figures of the palace gardens of both countries. In case of Korea in the stone figures of the palace gardens, there are few of them existing in Kyungbok Palace, Changduk Palace, and Changkyung Palace of the Chosun Dynasty, and most of them were washed away, there are hardly any records remaining and transmitted, and there are hardly any materials of drawings and pictures of them. On the contrary, in case of China, although there are those washed away, there are vast numbers of real objects, and records and materials of them. Therefore, for the study on the stone figures of Korea, the method to analogize the research lacking regarding the stone figures of the palace gardens of Korea from those of China after conducting the comparative study between those existing and those of China, may be available. I consider that although the restoration of the palaces of Chosun Dynasty of Korea had been the restoration project oriented toward the buildings until now, it will be the phase where one should have more interest toward the restoration of the palace gardens in the future, and that the restoration of the palace gardens should be made centered on the landscape architectural structures, deviated from the restoration project attaching weight to the restoration of the trees. Above all, I consider that the interest should be turned to the restoration of the stone figures where the view toward the nature of the Orientals are expressed well. For the restoration of the stone figures in the Changduk and Changkyung Palaces, it is considered that the restoration of the rough locations and shapes is possible based on the Dongkwol Drawings being transmitted, and that the research on the shapes, characters, pedestals, characteristics, etc. of the specific stone figures is possible as far as it is based on the study of the stone figures of the palace gardens of China.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.109-132
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• 2022

Two of the main elements of Persian tangible heritage are rugs and gardens, which have evolved together from the dawn of Iranian history. Emerging from the same system of thought and geographical location, together they represent the Persians' world views, desires, dreams, and design paradigms. In this study, the Persian Garden's patterns, elements, typology, and meanings are introduced and compared with the same aspects of Persian rugs. This paper uses a qualitative comparative methodology to analyze rugs' designs and patterns in relation to Persian Gardens' design principles. Data is collected primarily through library study and observation. The author uses two categories for comparison: meanings and forms. First, the author identifies underlying meanings common to the two art forms and then introduces form, function, and general principal patterns into the analysis. There is a type of rug pattern, known as Chahar-Bagh (literally, "four gardens"), that mirrors a garden design, down to the details, which is the focus of this paper. Additionally, other representations of Persian Gardens in rug design, such as Shekargah ("hunting pattern"), are discussed, as are other rug patterns with fewer elements borrowed from garden design. The paper also considers several motifs that represent flora common in gardening on the Iranian plateau, some of which have symbolic meanings dating to the Zoroastrian era. By comparing these two mediums of art (garden and rug) in the context of Persian history and geography, it becomes clear that the Persian rug design, in its roots, is an attempt to bring a garden into interior space. The study shows that the forms, patterns, and meanings reflected in Persian rugs render the study of their designs incomplete without considering the history of gardens.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.101-114
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• 2020

This study focused on the composition of the exterior space of Parkjinsagoga, the types of gardens and planting and the landscape characteristics of walls, and examined its meaning as modern garden remains. Parkjinsagoga is a modern Korean house that harmonizes traditionality and practicality, and is an invaluable material for research not only on architecture but also on changes in the gardens of upper-class gardens. Its exterior space can be divided largely into An-chae (inner house), Outer Sarang-chae (outer house) and Inner Sarang-chae areas, and a garden was created in each yard (inner garden). In particular, one thing noticeable is that the yard of Inner Sarang-chae, unlike traditional gardening styles, was actively decorated. At the center of the yard of Inner Sarang-chae, two atypical planters and artificial moundings were created and the traffic line of the garden was designed to enjoy them while walking. An atypical pond was created on one of the artificial moundings and trees and shrubs were densely planted. Natural stones were also placed. The style seemed to be affected by Japanese gardens. These characteristics observed in the gardens of Parkjinsagoga are closely related to the transitional characteristics that traditional gardens started to show in modern times. A total of 35 families and 57 species were planted in the gardens of Parkjinsagoga and there were 19 species of tall trees, 20 species of shrubs and 17 species of flowering plants. The number of species planted in the garden of Inner Sarang-chae was the highest, and a total of 22 species of tall trees and shrubs. The walls in Parkjinsagoga were basically earth and rock-fill walls but their materials and patterns differed depending on the type of spaces. Four types of walls were found to be introduced to the house.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.60-70
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• 2017

본 연구는 우리나라 약초원의 형성 과정을 추적하고 조경사적 의미를 밝히는 데 목적을 둔다. 이를 위해 본초학 연구가 이루어진 삼국시대부터 조선시대에 이르는 시기의 의료체계 속에서 약초원과 관련한 기록을 찾아보았다. 약초원은 여말선초인 13~15세기에 발달하였다. 지역성을 강조하는 성리학적 자연관의 영향으로 토산 약초를 뜻하는 향약(鄕藥)에 대한 관심이 높아진 고려 말 문인들이 약포(藥圃)를 가꾼 경향이 발견되며, 향약 조사 발견 재배 탐구 등 관련 정책이 시행된 조선 초 종약전(種藥田)이라는 이름의 약초원이 조성된 사실이 확인된다. 내의원과 혜민서와 같은 중앙의료 기구 부속 시설이었던 종약전은 15세기 중반에 실재했던 것으로 확인되고 조선 건국과 함께 설립되어 조선 후기에 쇠퇴한 것으로 추정된다. 종약전은 약현, 율도, 여우도, 사아리 등 한양 도성 밖 여러 곳에 있었고, 그 규모는 18세기 초 당시 약 16만 제곱미터였다. 형개, 지황, 감초 등을 포함한 수십 종이 종약전에서 재배되었고, 내의원에서 파견된 의관과 관노비 수십 명에 의해 종약전이 운영되었다. 종약전은 새로운 약초에 대한 학문적 관심이라는 사회적 배경 측면에서 르네상스시대 의과대학의 약초원과 공통점을, 약초의 종류 위치 기능 등의 측면에서 중세 유럽의 성곽과 수도원 내 약초원과 유사점을 지닌다. 본 연구는 약포와 종약전의 구체적 공간 형태를 밝히지 못한 점에서 한계를 가지나, 우리나라에서 약초원이라는 정원 유형이 여말선초 향약을 중심으로 한 의학의 발달과 함께 나타났으며 공동체의 치료제 재배를 위한 실용정원으로 기능했음을 밝혔다는 점에서 의의를 지닌다.

• 농촌계획
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2014

This study intended for Cheongryongsan Community Garden in Gwanak-gu, one of the demonstration places for 'Community Garden' Project recently implemented by the Seoul Government. This study had two major purposes: investigating the current status of the management and usage and identifying its characteristics; investigating users' awareness to consider the construction and operation directions of sustainable community gardens. This study was conducted based on several surveys such as an investigation into the spatial configuration and the management system of parks through a field study, a use survey through a questionnaire survey for vegetable garden users and an awareness survey about the construction direction of gardens direction preferred by users through the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). As a result of a questionnaire survey for vegetable garden users, the usage status was summarized as follows: Considering the common trends in the 2012 and the 2013 user survey, women used Cheongryongsan Vegetable Garden more than men. Over fifties used it most of all users. Users were mostly neighborhood residents. They used to visit there three to five times a week and stayed for about 30 minutes to one hour. Users differently responded to the question related to the order of priority for the use of the garden in the 2012 and the 2013 survey. They had increasingly used it for individuals' production activities more than social exchanges. As a result of making an AHP analysis for general park users, vegetable garden users there were clear differences in the targets which each subject put emphasis on in relation to the construction and operation of vegetable gardens. General park users recognized a vegetable garden as a park where park functions and the functions of the vegetable garden coexisted. On the other hand, vegetable garden users viewed it as a space where they attached importance to the functions of the vegetable garden like an allotment. Last, this study contemplated subjects related to the construction and operation of vegetable gardens which had to be considered in the future. Vegetable gardens tended to be biased as personal hobby places. It was viewed that the main reason was insufficient support activities for vegetable garden education and exchange programs originally planned when vegetable gardens had been constructed. Vegetable garden users recognized vegetable gardens as places for individuals' farming activities like allotments. For the desirable operation of vegetable gardens, it would be necessary to give priority to the park management before the production activities in individuals' vegetable gardens. The important role of the government would be to build the base through the provision of education and opportunities so that a local resident organization could actively participate in the management of a vegetable garden after a vegetable garden was constructed. It would be necessary to make a use survey and an awareness survey for users conducted in this study on a regular basis because the surveys could be important basic data in the decision-making process for the sustainable operations of the vegetable garden.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.26-40
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• 2018

국내 주거재생 및 도시재생 사업이 활성화됨에 따라 주거환경 및 경관 개선, 그리고 공동체 활동에 대한 관심 증대로 인해 도시농업의 일종인 커뮤니티가든에 대한 관심 역시 증가하고 있다. 하지만 국내 커뮤니티가든에 대한 인식은 아직 도시농업의 범주를 벗어나지 못하고 있으며, 실천방안 논의 역시 기초 단계에 머물러 있는 현황이다. 따라서 본 연구는 커뮤니티가든의 발상지인 북미 4개 도시 커뮤니티가든의 현황을 직접 현장 조사하고, 공간적 구성 및 사회적 기능을 중심으로 분석함으로써 사례 도시별 커뮤니티가든의 특성을 탐구하여 국내 커뮤니티가든 연구에 있어 유의미한 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 연구 방법으로는 커뮤니티가든이 활발하게 운영 관리되고 있는 시애틀, 뉴욕, 필라델피아와 밴쿠버 등 4개 도시의 총 166개 커뮤니티가든에 대한 현장조사를 실시한 후, 각 도시별 커뮤니티가든 4곳을 선정하여 분석을 진행하였다. 연구 결과, 각 도시의 커뮤니티가든은 입지 성격 및 사회적 수요에 따라 다양한 기능을 수행하고 있음이 확인되었다. '근교외' 도시인 시애틀과 밴쿠버 커뮤니티가든의 경우, '참여'의 장으로써의 역할이 강조되고 있는 반면, '도심'에 위치한 뉴욕과 필라델피아 커뮤니티가든은 '경관 미화'의 기능이 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 이처럼 북미 커뮤니티가든은 전체 지역사회를 위한 다목적 공공 공간으로써 도시 어메니티 기능을 복합적으로 수행하고 있는데, 이는 국내 커뮤니티가든 연구에서 커뮤니티가든의 사회적 기능 및 이를 수행하기 위한 공간적 구성에 대한 고려가 필요함을 암시한다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.79-95
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• 1996

The traditional gardens of China were constructed on the basis of the common aesthetic consciousness between designers and users. As designers and users communicated each other through the medium of garden, they give suggestions to our design and appreciation of modern landscape architecture. The traditional gardens of China pursued to reach the state of Yi Jing(意境), and this state formed the keynote of the whole field of Chinese culture. Yi Jing is the aesthetic theory originated in Pre-Qin Era, and established in Tang-Dynasty. After this, this theory become the very important aesthetic category of Chinese aesthetics. Yi Jing is the process from conception to appreciation, and requires the three parts of designer, a work of art, and appreciator. To reach Yi Jing, designers must be well grounded and persevere in their efforts. They also had to have the ability of corresponding the inner order of environment and landscape, and expressing their own feelings and emotions into gardens. So ultimately, they were in pursuit of constructing the gardens as if something naturally created. The garden itself is the meeting place of designers and users. The space in which users can think of life, nature, history, and cosmos. In order to do this, designers design the real landscape and non-visual landscape. This design can give appreciators more fertile imagination. Appreciation perfects the Yi Jing of gardens. Yi Jing is created by co-work of artist and appreciator with common aesthetic consciousness and sense. Therefore, it is subjective, and it may be vary with man and time.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.125-136
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• 2019

This study focuses(selected) on garden facilities of designer gardens created at the 1st and 2nd Seoul Garden Shows and examined installed facilities at each designer garden by categorization according to type, material and functions. The study observed problems occurring from maintenance of garden facilities as time passes by and collected basic data to develop maintenance guideline aiming to make contribution to further spreading and promotion of high quality garden culture. This study examined all gardens created at 1st and 2nd Seoul Garden shows in 2015 and 2016. There were 18 gardens built in 2015 and 16 in 2015.The study looked at responsible entities for maintenance of facilities and examined maintenance system for managing these gardens. Garden facilities of the study were categorized into paving, facility for rest, playground, water facility, environmental sculpture and planting media facility according to categorization by landscape design standards and construction guidelines. Target gardens of this study are maintained mostly by citizen gardeners who are passionately carrying out maintenance work while communicating with designers. However, these citizen gardeners lack technical knowledge to manage various facilities. Also, maintenance manuals submitted by garden designers do not offer sufficient details on facility maintenance which calls for professional maintenance and clear instructions on facilities from early phase of design.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2019

Although small but eye-catching outdoor constructions are generally called follies in contemporary architecture, French landscape researchers found different features of the fabrique, which they called separately from the folly. Unlike the 18th-century English gardens, in which the landscape itself was emphasized more than decorative structures in it, French fabriques actively made the atmosphere of picturesque gardens. In this background, this paper, from the architectural point of view, studied the 18th-century garden theories in both Britain and France, which might influence the formation of the fabrique. Then, it tried to analyze the features of French major picturesque gardens and their fabriques, relating them to painting, drama, and culture. In conclusion, this study, focusing on the relationship between the garden and its fabriques or follies, compared the different features between the English landscape gardens and the French picturesque ones in the 18th century.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

본 연구는 전문가와 일반인 집단 사이의 정원과 공원에 대한 인식 차이를 규명하기 위해 수행되었다. 설문을 통해 정원의 영역과 규모, 예술성과 과학성, 공공성, 실용성과 심미성, 조성 및 관리 주체, 주재료 등을 조사하였으며, 아울러 수목원정원법과 도시공원법에 대한 이해도를 규명하고자 하였다. 문헌연구를 통해 정원과 공원의 속성을 도출한 후 전문가와 일반인에게 각각 설문조사를 통해 정원과 공원의 개념, 유사성, 차이점 등을 각각 분석하였다. 정원 및 공원의 범위에 대해서는 전문가 그룹이 일반인 그룹에 비해 더 넓게 인식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 공통적으로 정원으로 인식한 공간은 옥상녹지이며, 도시숲은 공원으로 인식하고 있었다. 또한, 일반인 그룹은 도시숲을 정원으로도 인식하고 공원으로도 인식하여 구분이 명확하지 않았다. 전문가 그룹에서 정원은 소규모이고 공원은 대규모라는 인식이 더 우세했다. 대체로 정원은 개인공간이고 공원은 공공공간이라는 인식이 많게 나타났으며, 전문가 그룹에서 정원은 개인적이고 공원은 공공성이라는 인식이 더 우세했다. 일반인 집단은 전문가 집단에 비해 정원과 공원 모두 근소하게나마 예술적 창의성보다 기능적 과학성이 더 강조된 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 일반인과 전문가 모두에게서 대체로 정원보다는 공원이 예술성과 과학성을 아우르는 복합성을 띠고 있다고 인식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 정원은 식물재료가 중심이 되며, 공원은 조형물 시설물이 중심이 되거나 식물재료와 조형물 시설물이 적절히 균형을 이루는 공간으로 인식하고 있었고, 전문가 집단에 비해 일반인 집단에서 정원은 식물재료 중심이며, 공원은 시설물/조형물 중심이라는 시각이 매우 높게 나타났다. 전문가 집단은 정원의 심미성을 더 강조하고 공원에 대해서는 실용성을 더 인식하고 있었으며, 일반인 집단은 정원과 공원의 실용성과 심미성에 대한 인식이 유사하게 나타났다. 또한, 일반인 집단에서 정원의 실용성이 공원의 심미성이 더 강조되어 상대적으로 공원에 대한 심미성을 더 인식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 조성 주체에 대해 정원은 민간부문으로, 공원은 공공부문으로 인식하고 있었으며, 그 차이는 전문가집단에서 더 크게 나타났다. 관리주체에 대해 전문가와 일반인 모두 공원이나 정원의 관리는 조성 주체가 수행해야 하는 것으로 인식하고 있어, 관리주체의 다양화에 대한 논의가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 전문가 그룹과 일반인 그룹에서 정원과 공원 개념의 혼재와 더불어 일정한 인식의 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었고, 법적 제도와 인식에서도 아직은 큰 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다.