• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2017

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Hovenia dulcis (oriental raisin tree) extract on ganodermanondiol (GN) contents in Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) mycelia. GN has a triterpenoid structure and is one of the major active components of G. lucidum. Furthermore, we previously proved its inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. In this study, we observed significantly increased GN contents in G. lucidum mycelial extracts supplemented with 15% (v/v) oriental raisin tree extract (ORTE) by HPLC analysis. In addition, melanogenesis was significantly inhibited by G. lucidum extract supplemented with 15% ORTE when compared to G. lucidum extract without ORTE supplementation. Furthermore, mycelial growth of G. lucidum was increased by ORTE supplementation in both solid and liquid cultivation. These results suggest that the oriental raisin tree is useful as natural ingredient for increasing GN biosynthesis as well as whitening effect of G. lucidum.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 1988

This study has investigated the effect of Ganoderma lucidum water soluble extract on higher alcohol production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae was inoculated in malt wort media which were added 0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0% extracts of G. lucidum and fermented at $15^{\circ}C$ for 120 hours respectively. Some results about cell growth, changes of pH and sugarity and alcohol composition during fermentation are as follows; The cell growth of S. cerevisiae was remarkablely increased as G. lucidum extract was added into each step. It was increased to 1.2, 1.5, 1.9 times on added group of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0% G. lucidum extract than control group after the fermentation of 120 hours. Content of sugar was systematically low on step of addition of G. lucidum extract after the fermentation of 120 hours but pH was systematically high. The more the quantity of G. lucidum extract was added, the more total alcohol quantity were produced during fermentation. Especially higher alcohol content was more increased about 1.8 times on 1.0% group (219.9 ppm w/v) than on control group (117.26 ppm w/v) after the fermentation of 120 hours.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.271-289
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• 2012

Objectives : Ganoderma lucidum(Ganoderma or lingzhi, 靈芝) is a well-known oriental medical mushroom containing many bioactive compounds. The possible mechanisms involved in its effects on cancer cells remain to be elucidated. In the present study, the anti-proliferative and apoptotic activities of the G. lucidum ethanol extract(GEE), in AGS human gastric cancer cells were investigated. Methods : It was found that exposure of AGS cells to GEE resulted in the growth inhibition in a dose and time dependent manner as measured by trypan blue count and MTT assay. The anti-proliferative effect of GEE treatment in AGS cells was associated with morphological changes and formation of apoptotic bodies, and the flow cytometry analysis confirmed that GEE treatment increased the populations of apoptotic-sub G1 phase. Growth inhibition and apoptosis of AGS cells by GEE were connected with a concentration and time-dependent up-regulation of tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand(TRAIL) expression. Results : The levels of XIAP and survivin expression, members of IAP family proteins, were gradually down-regulated by GEE treatment. However other members of IAP family proteins such as cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 remained unchanged in GEE-treated AGS cells. GEE treatment also induced the proteolytic activation of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 and a concomitant degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase(PARP) protein, a caspase-3 substrate protein. Additionally, GEE-induced apoptosis was associated with the inhibition of Akt activation in a concentration and time-dependent manner, and pre-treatment with LY294002, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/Akt inhibitor, significantly increased GEE-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis. Conclusions : Therefore, G. lucidum has a strong potential as a therapeutic agent for preventing cancers such as gastric cancer cells.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.548-555
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• 1999

Long-term effects of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) on memory and oxidative stress of senescence-accelerated mice (SAM) were investigated. Senescence-resistant (R1) and prone (P8) strains of SAM were fed GL diets, premixed with low (20 mg/kg/day, T1) or high (200 mg/kg/day, T2) levels of GL powder for 9 months starting from young (3 months of age) or for 5 months starting from old (7 months of age). After the final feeding at 12 months of age, all animals were subjected to passive avoidance test for the evaluation of memory function. In addition, the changes in hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and glutathione were analyzed. SAMP8 fed GL diets from old age (7 months) exhibited the improvement of memory, although GL rather inhibited the memory function of both SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice fed diets from young (3 months of age). Hepatic TBARS contents were decreased in SAMP8 fed high GL diet for 9 months and in SAMR1 fed low GL diet for 5 months. Hepatic glutathione content was also remarkably increased in SAMR1 following both feeding periods, and less extent in SAMP8 fed diet for 5 months of age. Taken together, it is proposed that GL extracts may play an anti-aging role through antioxidant action, and thereby may improve the senescence-related memory dysfunction.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.515-519
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• 1999

The biologically active peptidoglycan was purified form the alkali fraction of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and the composition of the peptidoglycan was investigated by conventional analyses. The alkali-extracted peptidoglycan showed differences in chemical compositions from the water-extracted. The alkali-extracted peptidoglycan contained 6.9% protein and 75.9% carbohydrates composed mainly of $\beta$-glucose, mannose, and $\alpha$-glucose. The molecular weight range of the peptidoglycan was determined as 2,000 kDa-17 kDa. The peptidoglycan is considered to be a hybrid molecule of polysaccaride chains covalently bound as a side chain to the polypeptide core.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.438-442
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• 1994

Antimicrobial activity of GL (the aqueous extract from the carpophores of Ganoderma lucidum ($F_RK_{KARST}$) was tested in vitro aginst Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria by serial broth dilution method, and the antimicrobial activity was expressed by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Among fifteeen species of bacteria tested, the natimicrobial activity of GL was of antimicrobial combinations of GL with four kinds of antibiotics (ampicilin, cefazolin, oxytet-racycline and chloramphenicol), the fractional inhibitory concentraction index (FICI) was determined by checkerboard assy for each stain. The antimicrobial combinations of GL with four antibiotics resulted in additive effect in most instances, synergism in two instances, and antagonism in two instances. Synergism was obversed when GL was combined with cefazolin against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella oxytoca.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.120-125
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• 1997

Rhodotorula glutinis was inoculated in the medium containing 0 ($S_0$), 0.01 ($S_1$), 0.1 ($S_2$) and 1.0% ($S_3$) Ganodoma lucidum extract and incubated in a shaking incubator at $30^{\circ}C$ for 8 days and the cell growth, sugarity, lipid content, and fatty acid composition were measured to investigate the effects of G. lucidum extract on the growth and biosynthesis of fatty acids by oleaginous yeast, Rhodotorula glutinis. After the 8 day incubation, the cell growth of $S_1,\;S_2\;and\;S_3$ increased 1.6, 1.7 and 2.1 times, respectively, than that of $S_0$. Sugar consumption of incubating medium was decreased but the crude lipid content in R. glutinis was increased with increase of the amount of G. Lucidum extract. Myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were identified by GC as the major fatty acids in the crude lipid produced by R. glutinis and the content of unsaturated fatty acids (38.6 mg/g) was greater than that of saturated fatty acids (22.3 mg/g). As the G. lucidum extract concentration increased, fatty acids contents were increased except myristic acid, and the most increase occurred at the addition of 0.1% while they were considerably decreased in the case of the addition of 1.0% G. lucidum extract.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.365-371
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of lacquer tree (Rhus verniciflua) extract on ganodermanondiol (GN), tyrosinase and melanin biosynthesis inhibitor, biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum mycelia. In HPLC analysis, GN contents were significantly increased in G. lucidum mycelial extracts supplemented with of 1, 5, 10, and 15% lacquer tree extracts (LTE). In addition, G. lucidum mycelial extracts supplemented with LTEs which had no cytotoxicity activity against B16F10 cells, significantly inhibited melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. GN biosynthesis was facilitated by LTE. Taken together, we propose that G. lucidum mycelial extracts supplemented with LTE can be used as an effective ingredient of skin care products in the future.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.497-503
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• 1992

To study antioxidative activities of Ganoderma lucidum, its extracts were fractionated by various organic solvents with different polarity the extracts were purified by thin chromatography, silicagel column chromatography and preparative liquid chromatography. In antioxidative activity tests using thiocyanate method, TBA method and weighing method, fraction 5 from the hexane extract and fraction II from the methanol extract showed antioxidative activity. When the antioxidative activities were expressed as TBA value using a homogeneous liver extracte of rats, the relative antioxidative activities of fraction 5 and fraction II were increased by 13.0% and 54.6%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.135-140
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the acute toxicity and safety of Ssanghwa-tang extract fermented with Ganoderma lucidum. To evaluate the acute toxity and safety, 0(control group), 1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg of Ssanghwa-tang and fermented Ssanghwa-tang extracts were orally administered to 20 male and 20 female ICR mice. After single administration, we observed survival rates, general toxicity, changes of body weight, and autopsy. Compared with the control group, we could not find any toxic alteration in all treated groups (1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg). $LD_{50}$ of Ssanghwa-tang and fermented Ssanghwa-tang extracts might be over 5000 mg/kg and it is very safe to ICR mice.