• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.209-213
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• 2000

The cultured mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum were extracted and the extract was separated into six fractions by organic solvent fractionation. The antihepatotoxic activity of all the fractions was evaluated by measuring activities of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT). Among the fractions tested, the high-polarity fractions such as aqueous and n-butanol fractions significantly reduced activities of GPT and GOT in CCl4- and galactosamine-intoxicated rat primary hepatocytes. When intracellular synthetic activities were measured by pulsing the rate primary cultured hepatocytes with [3H]-uridine and [3H]-leucine, activities of DNA, RNA and protein. When direct toxicities of the fractions were measured against human hepatoma(SK-Hep-1), the non-polarity fractions such as n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions showed potent direct cytotoxicities even at the concentration of 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. These data showed that Ganoderma lucidum has hepatoprotective and hepatotoxic recovery principles in its mycelia.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.199-201
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• 2010

Ganoderma neo-japonicum, which is also known as black lingshi mushroom and medicinal mushroom. Present experiments were conducted to determine the possibility of artificial culture with oak sawdust of G. neo-japonicum. The duration of mycelial growth and days of pinhead formation of oak sawdust bag (2.4 kg) were 28~35 days and 25~29 days, respectively. The yield of mushroom fresh fruitbody was 135~157 g.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.135-149
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• 1989

The effect of Ganoderma lucidum (Polyporaceae) extract on initiation and promotion of liver preneoplastic lesions in chemical carcinogenesis were examined in male rats. Male Fisher 344 rats, 8 weeks old, were injected i.p. with diethylnitro-samine(DENA` 200 mg/kg) as an initiator and were fed on diet containing 0.02%-acetaminofluorene (2-AAF) as a promoter for 2 weeks (group 1, 2` 2-4 week) and were fed on basal diet (group 3 and 4). The rats in test groups(group 1 and 3) were fed on diet containing 0.1% of Ganoderma lucidum extract for 6 weeks (2-8 week).

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 1988

Auxotrophic mutants were obtained by UV-irradiation to mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum. Induction rate of auxotrophs was 5.78%. Interspecific fusion products of protoplasts were obtained by polyethylene glycol induced fusion of protoplasts from auxotrophic mutants of Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma applanatum. Fusion products were selected by means of the comparison with the mycelial growth rate and colony morphology. Fusion products were confirmed by mycelial morphology and esterase isozyme pattern. Some segregants were observed and fusion product produced fruit bodies.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.235-241
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• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate some morphological characters of fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and to classify the fungus on the bases of the genetic character. Some of the isolates of the fungus which originally have the kidney-shaped fruit bodies produced the antler-shaped fruit bodies on artificial media and the latter characters were inherited. Pattern of the pileus surface and thickness of the pileus of the fruit bodies were also considered to be hereditary. Although morphology of the pileus margin and fruiting mode of the fungus were variable among the isolates, they were greatly influenced by environment conditions. Ganoderma lucidum could be classified into two groups and four strains according to the morphology of the fruit bodies on artificial cultivation media. Electrophoretic patterns of esterase, peroxidase, leucine aminopeptidase(LAP) and proteins of fruit bodies and mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum showed high genetic variation. Isozyme patterns of esterase of the mushroom mycelia were applicable for the classification of strains of the fungus. Patterns of proteins, leucine aminopeptidase and peroxidase did not indicate any genetic relation among the fungus strains.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.1 s.88
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• pp.39-43
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• 1999

The internal transcribed spacer II regions (ITS II) of the ribosomal DNA gene repeat from Ganoderma spp. were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Sequences from 9 species including Ganoderma lucidum, G. tsugae, G. pfeifferi, G. resinaceum, G. australe-applanatum, G. oregonense, G. neo-japonicum, G. applanatum and Inonotus xeranticus as an out-group were compared. The spacer regions of them were $247{\sim}257$ nucleotides in length and contained partial sequences of 5.8S and 25S gene. The reciprocal homologies of each ITS II sequence of the species were in the range of $70{\sim}100%$ except outgroup species, I. xeranticus. According to the analysis of ITS II sequences, Ganoderma spp. constructed 5 clusters. Ganoderma lucidum isolates were to be divided into two groups. One group was consisted of isolates from South Korea. The other group comprised isolates from UK. G. lucidum isolates belonging to the group I were closely related with G. tsugae. These results suggested that G. lucidum from Korea should be G. tsugae, otherwise G. tsugae was to be synonym of G. lucidum.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.6 s.90
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• pp.759-768
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• 2005

This study was performed to determine the antioxidative effect of the hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, butanol and water fractions of Ganoderma lucidum extracts on the inhibition of malondialdehyde(MDA) and bovine serum albumin(BSA) conjugation reaction, the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH) radical, the antimutagenic capacity as measured by the Ames test and the inhibitory effect on cancer cell. Ganoderma lucidum is believed to have possible antioxidative capacities, although the results have varied according to the assay method. The most effective antioxidative capacity was inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Among the five fractions, water fraction showed strong inhibition rates on MDA & BSA conjugation reaction, and ethylacetate fractions showed the most effective inhibition rate on lipid peroxidation and scavenging effect on DPPH radical. The indirect and direct antimutagenic effects of ethanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum were examined by Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Among the samples, the water fraction did not have any antimutagenic effect. The inhibition rates on mutagenicity in the presence of 2.5 mg/plate were nearly $100\%$ for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 except the hexane fraction of the direct mutagenicity mediated by 2-Nitrofluorene in Salmonella typimurium TA98($64.69\%$). Under the 2.5 mg/plate concentration, the inhibitory effects of hexane and dichloromethane fraction were superior to that of the other fractions on the direct mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and indirect mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. The inhibitory effect of Ganoderma lucidum extracts on cell proliferation in HeLa and MCF-7 was investigated by U test. The dichloromethane fraction showed highly antiproliferative effect in HeLa and MCF-7($IC_{50}$: 0.122 mg/mL, 0.272 mg/mL, respectively) cells while the water faction had a weak inhibitory effect($IC_{50}$: 0.691 mg/mL, 10.919 mg/mL respectively). These results suggest that Ganoderma lucidum may have antioxidative, antimutagenic and anticancer capacities and may be a candidate of the prevention and dietetic treatment of chronic diseases and the development of antioxidative, antimutagenic and anticancer functional food.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.492-496
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• 1994

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 1988

This experiment was carried out to investigate proper conditions for protoplast isolation and reversion from Ganoderma lucidum and Gctnoderma sp.. In G. lucidum, 10 mg. $ml^{-1}$ Novozyme 234 with 0.6 M sucrose was proper for protoplast isolation. The optimal reaction time of mycelium with lytic enzyme was five hrs. Protoplast isolation from four-day-old mycelium was the most effective. Protoplast isolation from four-day-old mycelium in G. sp. was optimum in the combination of N ovozyme 234 and ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ with 0.6 M sucrose. MCM was suitable for reversion in G. lucidum while SCM was good for G. sp.. The most effective osmoticum stabilizer for protoplast reversion in G. lucidum and G. sp. was 0.6 M sucrose.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.4 s.79
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• pp.246-254
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• 1996

Since the mid of 1980's, cultivation area and production of Ganoderma lucidum have been increased annually in Korea. However, the presence of a fungal disease has become a major limiting factor in the cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum, causing a serious economic loss. The present study was carried out to isolate and identify the pathogenic fungus to Ganoderma lucidum. Several fungi isolated from the wood logs showing typical symptoms were tested whether they are pathogenic to Ganoderma lucidum or not by cross-pairing culture method, flask inoculation method, and wood log inoculation method. The pathogenic fungus produced ascomata. Mature ascomata was spherical, dark, thick-walled, $45{\sim}95\;{\mu}m$ diameter. Asci were thin-walled, evanescent when mature, disintegrate early. Ascospores were spherical, hyaline, glaborous, thick-walled, refractive, $3.6{\sim}4.3\;{\mu}m$ in size. Conidiophores soon became abundantly septate and broke up into arthrospores, which are cylindrical, $3{\sim}6\;{\mu}m$ long and $3{\sim}4\;{\mu}m$ wide. Based on the observations under dissecting microscope, light microscope and scanning electron microscope, teleomorph and anamorph of the pathogenic fungus were identified as Xylogone sphaerospora Von Arx & Nilsson and Sporendonema purpurascens (Bonordon) Mason & Hughes, respectively. X. sphaerospora is first reported as a pathogenic fungus of Ganoderma lucidum.