• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.400-413
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• 2018

Purpose: This study examined the association between the antioxidant vitamin intake and obesity in Korean women. Methods: Adult women aged ${\geq}19years$ who completed a health examination and nutrition survey from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2007 ~ 2016 were selected for the study (n = 30,425). A BMI ${\geq}25kg/m^2$ and waist circumference ${\geq}85cm$ were defined as obesity and abdominal obesity, respectively. The individual antioxidant vitamin intake was estimated by linking the antioxidant vitamin composition database of commonly consumed foods and the subjects' 24-hour recall food consumption data. Carotenoids, retinol, vitamin A (retinol activity equivalent), vitamin C, tocopherols, and vitamin E (${\alpha}$-tocopherol equivalent) were included in the analysis. Each vitamin intake was converted to the nutrient density per 1,000 kcal. Odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for obesity according to each tertile of the nutrient density was obtained from multiple logistic regression adjusted for age, household income, education level, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Results: The mean intake of ${\alpha}$-carotene, retinol, vitamin E, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol per 1,000 kcal was significantly lower in the obese group than in the normal group. A higher intake of lycopene was inversely associated with obesity (highest vs. lowest; OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.83-0.96) and abdominal obesity (highest vs. lowest; OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.81-0.95). Higher intakes of ${\alpha}$-carotene, total carotenoids, vitamin A, and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol also had a negative relationship with abdominal obesity. The antioxidant vitamin intakes from eggs, milk and dairy products, seasoning, and grains were significantly lower in the obese group than in the normal group. Conclusion: This study showed that the dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins was inversely associated with obesity and abdominal obesity among Korean women. Further study will be needed to examine the causal relationship between the antioxidant vitamin and obesity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.158-169
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• 2019

A probabilistic model that can predict the residual useful lifetime of structure is formulated by using the gamma process which is one of the stochastic processes. The formulated stochastic model can take into account both the sampling uncertainty associated with damages measured up to now and the temporal uncertainty of cumulative damage over time. A method estimating several parameters of stochastic model is additionally proposed by introducing of the least square method and the method of moments, so that the age of a structure, the operational environment, and the evolution of damage with time can be considered. Some features related to the residual useful lifetime are firstly investigated into through the sensitivity analysis on parameters under a simple setting of single damage data measured at the current age. The stochastic model are then applied to the rubble-mound breakwater straightforwardly. The parameters of gamma process can be estimated for several experimental data on the damage processes of armor rocks of rubble-mound breakwater. The expected damage levels over time, which are numerically simulated with the estimated parameters, are in very good agreement with those from the flume testing. It has been found from various numerical calculations that the probabilities exceeding the failure limit are converged to the constraint that the model must be satisfied after lasting for a long time from now. Meanwhile, the expected residual useful lifetimes evaluated from the failure probabilities are seen to be different with respect to the behavior of damage history. As the coefficient of variation of cumulative damage is becoming large, in particular, it has been shown that the expected residual useful lifetimes have significant discrepancies from those of the deterministic regression model. This is mainly due to the effect of sampling and temporal uncertainties associated with damage, by which the first time to failure tends to be widely distributed. Therefore, the stochastic model presented in this paper for predicting the residual useful lifetime of structure can properly implement the probabilistic assessment on current damage state of structure as well as take account of the temporal uncertainty of future cumulative damage.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 1980

The effect of dietary vegetable oils, sesame, perilla, soybean and rice bran oils, on the blood cholesterol level of rabbit was examined using isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. The gain in body weight, liver weight, serum and liver cholesterol levels, globulin, blood sugar and acid phosphatase activity in relation to cholesterol level were studied. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The gain in body weight (g/day) of rabbit was 16.3 for control, 15.3 for A, 18.3 for 15.3 for A, 18.3 for B, 15.3 for C and 18.1 for D groups. 2. Liver weight of the control A, B, C and D groups were 30.35, 37.25, 38.25, 31.05 and 39.54, respectively. 3. Serum cholesterol levels (mg/100 ml serum) of the control, A, B, C, and D groups were 71.5, 112.0, 110, 93 and 96 respectively. 4. Liver cholesterol levels (mg/100 ml liver fat) of the control, A, B, C and D groups were 255, 292, 255, 317 and 195 respectively. 5. The contents of alpha-1-globulin for control was 0.60 %, for C, 0.35 % and for D groups, 0.32% of total globulin. The content of alpha-2-globulin for control was 0.68 % of total globulin and for D, 0.26 % of total globulin. 6. The contents of blood glucose (mg/100 ml) of the control, A, B, C and D groups were 40.34, 22.37, 77.0, 28.6 and 34.1 respectively. 7. Acid phosphatase of the control, A, B, C, and D groups were 3.95, 4.52, 3.98, 4.55 and 4.53 nM/hr/l serum respectively. 8. According to the regression and correlation in coefficient in blood components of rabbit, there were positive correlations between serum cholesterol and alpha-1-globulin, and between liver cholesterol and gamma-globulin.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.5
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• pp.592-599
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• 2018

Objective : Metastatic brain tumors (MBTs) often present with intracerebral hemorrhage. Although Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) is a valid treatment option for hemorrhagic MBTs, its efficacy is unclear. To achieve oncologic control and reduce radiation toxicity, we used a radiosurgical targeting technique that confines the tumor core within the hematoma when performing GKS in patients with such tumors. We reviewed our experience in this endeavor, focusing on local tumor control and treatment-associated morbidities. Methods : From 2007 to 2014, 13 patients with hemorrhagic MBTs were treated via GKS using our targeting technique. The median marginal dose prescribed was 23 Gy (range, 20-25). GKS was performed approximately 2 weeks after tumor bleeding to allow the patient's condition to stabilize. Results : The primary sites of the MBTs included the liver (n=7), lung (n=2), kidney (n=1), and stomach (n=1); in two cases, the primary tumor was a melanoma. The mean tumor volume was $4.00cm^3$ (range, 0.74-11.0). The mean overall survival duration after GKS was 12.5 months (range, 3-29), and three patients are still alive at the time of the review. The local tumor control rate was 92% (tumor disappearance 23%, tumor regression 46%, and stable disease 23%). There was one (8%) instance of local recurrence, which occurred 11 months after GKS in the solid portion of the tumor. No GKS-related complications were observed. Conclusion : Our experience shows that GKS performed in conjunction with our targeting technique safely and effectively treats hemorrhagic MBTs. The success of this technique may reflect the presence of scattered metastatic tumor cells in the hematoma that do not proliferate owing to the inadequate microenvironment of the hematoma. We suggest that GKS can be a useful treatment option for patients with hemorrhagic MBTs that are not amenable to surgery.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.506-512
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• 2006

Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB) is a traditional herbal plant that has been used in Asian countries for centuries as an anticonvulsant analgesic, and a sedative for treating general paralysis, epilepsy, vertigo, and tetanus. This study was designed to optimize conditions for ethanol extracts or GEB by analyzing and monitoring the extraction characteristics with response surface methodology. The extract was used for analysis of the effective components of GEB. The estimated optimal conditions were 63.62% in ethanol of 5.06 mL/g in solvent per sample, and 6.25 hr in extract time. The optimal extraction conditions for $ \gamma-aminobutyric$ acid, were 45.52%, 5.67 mL/g, and 6.04 hr, while those for $\rho-hydroxybenzyl$ alcohol were 62.73%, 5.02 mL/g, and 5.95 hr. Regression equation was generated for each variables and then superimposed them, such as soluble solid, $ \gamma-aminobutyric$ acid and $\rho-hydroxybenzyl$ alcohol content thereby resulting in superimposed values of extinction conditions like $45\sim65%,\;5\sim7mL/g$ and $5\sim7$ hr, respectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.871-876
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• 2014

Objective: Desmogleins (DSGs) are major members among the desmosomal cadherins critically involved in cell-cell adhesion and the maintenance of normal tissue architecture in epithelia. Reports exploring links of DSG family member expression with cancers are few and vary. The aim of this study was to investigate the ratio of DSG2 and DSG3 mRNA expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissue to normal tissue (T/N ratio) and evaluate correlations with clinical parameters. Methods: The mRNA expression of DSGs, as well as ${\gamma}$-catenin and desmoplakin, was detected by real-time quantitative RT-PCR in 85 cases of ESCC tissue specimens. Results: The expression level of DSG3 mRNA was significantly higher than that of DSG2 in ESCC specimens (p=0.000). DSG3 mRNA expression highly correlated with histological grade (p=0.009), whereas that of DSG2 did not significantly relate to any clinicopathologic parameter. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that only DSG3 expression had an impact on the survival curve, with negative DSG3 expression indicating worse survival (p=0.038). Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated DSG3 to be an independent prognostic factor for survival. Furthermore, correlation analysis demonstrated the mRNA level of DSG3 to highly correlate with those of ${\gamma}$-catenin and desmoplakin in ESCC samples (p=0.000), implying that the expression of desmosomal components might be regulated by the same upstream regulatory molecules. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that DSG3 may be involved in the progression of ESCC and serve as a prognostic marker, while expression of DSG2 cannot be used as a predictor of ESCC patient outcome.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.89-100
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• 2004

The comet assay (also called the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay) has been widely used for detecting DNA damage and repair in individual cells. Since the conventional methods of evaluating comet assay data using frequency statistics are unsatisfactory we developed a new quantitative measure of DNA damage/repair that is based on all information residing in the dose/time-response curves of a comet experiment. Blood samples were taken from 25 breast cancer patients before undergoing radiotherapy. The comet assay was performed under alkaline conditions using isolated lymphocytes. Tail DNA, tail length, tail moment and tail inertia of the comet were measured for each patient at four doses of $\gamma$-rays (0, 2, 4 and 8 Gy) and at four time points after irradiation (0, 10, 20 and 30 min) using 100 cells each. The resulting three-dimensional dose-time response surface was modeled by multiple regression, and the second derivative, termed 2D, on dose and time was determined. A software module was programmed in SAS/AF to compute 2D values. We applied the new method successfully to data obtained from cancer patients to be assessed for their radiation sensitivity. We computed the 2D values for the four damage measures, i.e., tail moment, tail length, tail DNA and tail inertia, and examined the pairwise correlation coefficients of 2D both on the log scale and the unlogged scale. 2D values based on tail moment and tail DNA showed a high correlation and, therefore, these two damage measures can be used interchangeably as far as DNA repair is concerned. 2D values based on tail inertia have a correlation profile different from the other 2D values which may reflect different facets of DNA damage/repair. Using the dose-time response surface, other statistical models, e.g., the proportional hazards model, become applicable for data analysis. The 2D approach can be applied to all DNA repair measures, Le., tail moment, tail length, tail DNA and tail inertia, and appears to be superior to conventional evaluation methods as it integrates all data of the dose/time-response curves of a comet assay.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.3
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• pp.391-396
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• 2010

To analyze the characteristics of canopy fuel in Pinus densiflora stand, which is essential to assess the crown fire hazard, allometric equations for estimation of crown fuel biomass were developed by subjectively categorized crown fuel component and crown bulk density was analyzed by available fuel component categories. Ten trees were destructively sampled at Pinus densiflora stand in Mt. Palgong in Daegu and their crown fuels were weighed separately for each fuel category by size classes and by living and dead. Regression equations that estimate crown fuel load by diameter at breast height(D) or additional total height(H) were derived. The adjusted coefficient of determination values were the highest (${R^2}_{adj}$=0.835-0.996) and standard error of estimate were the lowest (SEE=0.074-0.638) in the allometric equation lnWt=${\alpha}+{\beta}lnD+{\gamma}lnH$ in average. However, in needles and small branches categories, the differences in ${R^2}_{adj}$ and SEE between equations were not significant. Crown bulk density (CBD), which was calculated by crown fuel load divided by crown volume, was 0.067 kg/$m^3$ in average when only needles were considered as available crown fuel and 0.097 kg/$m^3$ when needles and branches (0-0.5 cm diameter) were considered. The increments of CBD of needles and small branches were little even when diameter at breast height increased.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.253-261
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• 2006

Estimating the size of unerupted teeth is an essential aspect of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning in the mixed dentition. Several methods were introduced and used for the prediction. The most common methods among these would be Moyers probability chart and Tanaka and Johnston equations. These are currently used widely, but they were developed for Caucasians. Because there are clear racial differences in teeth size, the objectives of this study were to produce correlation coefficients between the combined mesiodistal widths of the permanent mandibular incisors and those of the canines and premolars for each quadrant, and prediction tables with regression equations, specifically for Korean. 178 young adults (70 women, 108 men, mean age 21.63 years) were selected from the College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. The mesiodistal crown diameters of the permanent teeth were measured with calipers. Significant sexual dimorphism was found in tooth sizes. The correlation coefficients between the total mesiodistal width of the mandibular permanent incisors and those of the maxillary and mandibular canines and premolars were found to be between 0.52 and 0.64. The standard error of the estimatation was better (0.60) for women and the ${\gamma}^2$ values ranged from 0.27 to 0.41 for both sexes Prediction tables were prepared for Korean. This study showed larger canine and premolar diameters than Tanaka and Johnston's and Moyers' studies which might be due to the racial differences. Further investigations with a larger sample size will be needed for more representative data on the Korean population.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.619-626
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• 2007

It is of special interest in our membrane separation technology due to its low energy consumption and cost, relatively simple equipment, low investment and operation cost, et al. Full scale utilization of such processes can be widely utilized to the various fields. Using the difference of permeability of gas molecules between the filter layers, it is able to separate effectually pure gases from the mixed gases. In this paper, the membranes of PDMS, ${\gamma}-radiated$ PDMS, PTFE, PTFE-X are chosen to develop the predictive model for the separation of pure gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and other gases from mixed gases. By utilizing the thermodynamic gas properties($\sigma$, $\varepsilon/k$) and experimental data of gas transport characteristics for different polymer membranes, it is able to develop the predictive model equation under the influence of temperature, pressure and polymer characteristics. Predictive model developed in this research showed good agreement with experimental data of gas permeability characteristics for develop four different polymer membranes. The proposed model can also be extended to the general equation for predicting the separation of gases based on the properties of polymeric membranes.