• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.410-417
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• 2016

During the lactation cycle of the bovine mammary gland, autophagy is induced in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) as a cellular homeostasis and survival mechanism. Interferon gamma ($IFN-{\gamma}$) is an important antiproliferative and apoptogenic factor that has been shown to induce autophagy in multiple cell lines in vitro. However, it remains unclear whether $IFN-{\gamma}$ can induce autophagy and whether autophagy affects milk synthesis in BMECs. To understand whether $IFN-{\gamma}$ affects milk synthesis, we isolated and purified primary BMECs and investigated the effect of $IFN-{\gamma}$ on milk synthesis in primary BMECs in vitro. The results showed that $IFN-{\gamma}$ significantly inhibits milk synthesis and that autophagy was clearly induced in primary BMECs in vitro within 24 h. Interestingly, autophagy was observed following $IFN-{\gamma}$ treatment, and the inhibition of autophagy can improve milk protein and milk fat synthesis. Conversely, upregulation of autophagy decreased milk synthesis. Furthermore, mechanistic analysis confirmed that $IFN-{\gamma}$ mediated autophagy by depleting arginine and inhibiting the general control nonderepressible-2 kinase (GCN2)/eukaryotic initiation factor $2{\alpha}$ ($eIF2{\alpha}$) signaling pathway in BMECs. Then, it was found that arginine supplementation could attenuate $IFN-{\gamma}$-induced autophagy and recover milk synthesis to some extent. These findings may not only provide a novel measure for preventing the $IFN-{\gamma}$-induced decrease in milk quality but also a useful therapeutic approach for $IFN-{\gamma}$-associated breast diseases in other animals and humans.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.291-309
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• 1973

Exposure rates due to leakage gamma-rays from operating reactors TRIGA Mark II and III were measured in a horizontal plane by means of scintillation spectrometry using a 3"$\times$3" cylindrical Nal(T1) detector associated with a 400 channel pulse height analyzer under varied conditions of reactor operation. In determining exposure rate due to the leakage gamma-rays at each point of measurement, Moriuchi's spectrum-exposure rate conversion theory was applied instead of using conventional responce matrix method which necessitates very complicated procedures to convert a spectrum into exposure rate. The results show that a basic pattern of "typical" spectrum of the reactor leakage gamma-rays is neither affected by thermal output of the reactor, nor influenced by overall attenuation in radiation intensity. It was indicated that he attenuation of the leakage gamma-rays in air in terms of exposure rate as a whole follows an exponential law, and the total exposure rate due to the leakage gamma-rays at a certain point is nearly proportional to thermal output of the reactor. The complexity in spectrum measured for a movable core reactor, TRIGA Mark III, was analyzed through spectrum resolution, and proper judgement of the leakage gamma-rays in a complex spectrum was discussed.ctrum was discussed.

• KIEE International Transactions on Electrophysics and Applications
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• v.3C no.2
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• pp.48-54
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• 2003

To evaluate the radiation degradation of ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), radiation effects on EPR were investigated by using dielectric analysis and thermal-gravimetric analysis. Permittivity, loss factor, tan$\delta$, and thermal decomposition temperature were observed for ${\gamma}$-ray irradiated EPR. As the radiation dose was increased, the peak temperature of the loss factor and tans of EPR were increased and loss factor and tan$\delta$ at peak temperature were decreased. Activation energies were calculated using loss factor and thermal decomposition for ${\gamma}$-ray irradiated EPR as well. The trends of both calculated activation energies showed the same tendencies as radiation dose was increased.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 1992.05b
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• pp.24-25
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• 1992

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.121-121
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• 1999

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.1829-1831
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• 2012

Background: The generalized gamma distribution statistics constitute an extensive family that contains nearly all of the most commonly used distributions including the exponential, Weibull and log normal. A saturated version of the model allows covariates having effects through all the parameters of survival time distribution. Accelerated failure-time models assume that only one parameter of the distribution depends on the covariates. Methods: We fitted both the conventional GG model and the saturated form for each of its members including the Weibull and lognormal distribution; and compared them using likelihood ratios. To compare the selected parameter distribution with log logistic distribution which is a famous distribution in survival analysis that is not included in generalized gamma family, we used the Akaike information criterion (AIC; r=l(b)-2p). All models were fitted using data for 369 women age 50 years or more, diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer in BC during 1990-1999 and followed to 2010. Results: In both conventional and saturated parametric models, the lognormal was the best candidate among the GG family members; also, the lognormal fitted better than log-logistic distribution. By the conventional GG model, the variables "surgery", "radiotherapy", "hormone therapy", "erposneg" and interaction between "hormone therapy" and "erposneg" are significant. In the AFT model, we estimated the relative time for these variables. By the saturated GG model, similar significant variables are selected. Estimating the relative times in different percentiles of extended model illustrate the pattern in which the relative survival time change during the time. Conclusions: The advantage of using the generalized gamma distribution is that it facilitates estimating a model with improved fit over the standard Weibull or lognormal distributions. Alternatively, the generalized F family of distributions might be considered, of which the generalized gamma distribution is a member and also includes the commonly used log-logistic distribution.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.215-221
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• 2017

The effect of austenitizing temperature on the degree of carbides re-solutionizing, mean graine size, hardness and the volume fraction of retaind austenite ($V_{\gamma}$) etc., has been studied by means of metallography, X-ray diffractometry and hardness measurement in STD 11 tool steel. As austenitizing temperature increases, the amount of alloying elements which is re-dissolved into matrix increases, resulting in increase of $V_{\gamma}$, due to the chemical stabilization of austenite. The Vickers hardness value decreases with increasing austenitizing temperature, which is attributed to grain size as well the volume fractions of $V_{\gamma}$ and carbides. Theoretical diffraction intensity of (200) ${\alpha}^{\prime}$, (211) ${\alpha}^{\prime}$ (200) ${\gamma}$ and (220) ${\gamma}$ peaks obtained by $CuK_{\alpha}$ chracteristics X-ray (${\lambda}=0.15429nm$) was calculated, and quantitative analysis of $V_{\gamma}$ could be carried out by X-ray diffraction method. The resultant value is well coincided with the value obtained by image analysis method. When the quenched specimen is tempered above $200{\sim}400^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, the transition carbides i.e., MC and $M_2C$ in the size of about 20 nm begin to precipitate at $300^{\circ}C$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 1997

The composition and chemical structures of same individual components of essential oils from ginger flavor plants were estimated by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spetrometric analysis with the aid of NBS and Wiley library and RI indice searches. Through gas chromatography and gas chromatography /mass spetrometry analysis of 43, 41, 32 essential oil components from flowers, leaves and stems from Lindera obstusiloba., respectively were identified, among which sabinene, $\beta$-myrcene, ι-limonene, phelandrene, ${\gamma}$-selinene, $\alpha$-terpinene, 2, 4a, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9a -octahydro benzocycloheptane, $\delta$-cadinene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, (Z) -3-hexen-1-ol acetate, ${\gamma}$-elemene, l-boreneol, $\delta$-guaiene, ledene, cis-3-hexanal, elemol, $\alpha$-chamigrene, $\beta$-endesmol: 9-octadecanal, 1-(1, 5-diMe-4-hexenyl)-4-Me. benzene were estimated to be major components.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.9 no.2 s.17
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• pp.143-151
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• 2005

Finite failure NHPP models proposed in the literature exhibit is either constant, monotonic increasing or monotonic decreasing failure occurrence rates per fault. For the sake of proposing shape parameter of the Gamma family distribution, used the special pattern. Data set, where the underlying failure process could not be adequately described by the knowing models, which motivated the development of the Gamma or Weibull model and Gompertz model. Analysis of failure data set that led us to the Gamma or Weibull model and Gompertz model using arithmetic and Laplace trend tests, bias tests was presented in this Paper.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.62-67
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• 2016

In this study, the optical depth is analyzed with the effects of droplet size distribution of the water curtain nozzle to attenuate the radiative heat transfer. The HELOS/VARIO equipment is used for the measurement of the droplet size distributions. The spray characteristics are quantified by the investigation of Deirmenjian's modified gamma distribution function. The distribution constant of the nozzle can be obtained as ${\alpha}=1$ and ${\gamma}=5.2$. The generalized equation of the optical depth related with the droplet size distribution is introduced. These results will be applicable to the analysis of the design condition of the water curtain nozzle.