• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 1988

Propyl gallate used as an antioxidant was examined for its effects on murine Immune system and metbemoglobin content treated with anillne. As immunotoxicology assay parameters, we adopted circulating leukocytes and immunoorgan weights for pathtoxicology, IgM plaque forming cells and Artbus reaction for humoral immunity. Propyl gallate's effects were observed as follows; 1. Propyl gallate decreased circulating leukocyte counts, dose dependently. 2. Relative immunoorgan weigbts were not affected. 3. Propyl gallate diminisbed IgM PFCs/spleen cell and IgM PFCs/spleen. 4. Propyl gallate decreased Arthus reaction. 5. Propyl gallate did not affect metbemogiobin content treated wltb aniIIne.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1990

Propyl gallate used as an antioxidant was examined for its effects on murine immune system. As immunotoxicology assay parameters, we adopted circulating leukocytes and immunoorgan weights for pathotoxicology, delayed hypersensitivity and colloidal carbon clearance for cell mediated immuntity. Propyl gallate's effects were observed as follows; 1) Propyl gallate decreased circulating leukocyte counts, dose dependently. 2) Propyl gallate decreased delayed hypersensitivity reaction. 3) Phagocytic index were similar in the test and control groups.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.725-730
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• 2012

HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), EGDMA (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate; cross-linker), MMA (methyl methacrylate) and AA (acrylic acid) were copolymerized with ethyl gallate and propyl gallate as additives in the presence of AIBN (2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile; initiator). The measurement of physical properties of the produced copolymers exhibited that refractive index, water content, visible transmittance, tensile strength, and contact angle were in the range of 1.433-1.435, 38.71-38.99%, 85.4-88.8%, 0.2468-0.2740 kgf and $49.77-36.29^{\circ}$, respectively. The transmittances of the copolymers were measured to be in the range of 49.0-7.4% and 71.0-43.4% for UV-B and UV-A, respectively, indicating that the copolymers have UV-blocking effect. The produced copolymers containing ethyl gallate and propyl gallate satisfied the basic physical properties required for the fabrication of hydrogel contact lenses. The copolymers showed an increase of wettability and UV-blocking effects while having no significant change in water content compared to the gallate-free copolymers.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 2006

Quercitrin gallate was previously isolated from Persicaria lapathifolia (Polygonaceae) as an inhibitor of superoxide production. In the present study, quercitrin gallate was found to inhibit interleukin (IL)-6 production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages RAW 264.7 with an $IC_{50}$ value of $63\;{\mu}M$. Furthermore, quercitrin gallate attenuated LPS-induced synthesis of IL-6 transcript but also inhibited LPS-induced IL-6 promoter activity, indicating that the compound could down-regulate IL-6 expression at the transcription level. Since nuclear factor (NF)-kB has been shown to play a key role in LPS-inducible IL-6 expression, an effect of quercitrin gallate on LPS-induced NF-kB activation was further analyzed. Quercitrin gallate exhibited a dosedependent inhibitory effect on LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-kB without affecting inhibitory kB (IkB) degradation, and subsequently inhibited LPS-induced NF-kB transcriptional activity in macrophages RAW 264.7. Taken together, quercitrin gallate down-regulated LPS-induced IL-6 expression by inhibiting NF-kB activation, which could provide a pharmacological potential of the compound in IL-6-related immune and inflammatory diseases.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.181-188
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• 2009

Objectives : In this study, we investigated the effect of methyl gallate of Paeonia suffruticosa(Moutan Cortex Radicis) on inflammatory response in activated macrophages. Methods : RAW264.7 cells were incubated with different concentrations of methyl gallate of Paeonia suffruticosa for 30 min and then stimulated with or without LPS at indicated times. Cell toxicity was determined by MTT assay. The concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6) were measured in culture medium by Griess assay, enzyme-immuno assay, and ELISA, respectively. The expressions of iNOS, COX-2 and cytokine mRNA and protein were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. The $I{\kappa}-B{\alpha}$ degradation in cytosol and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 translocation into nuclear of the cells were determined by Western blot. Results : Methyl gallate was significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of NO and PGE2 in RAW264.7 cells. Methyl gallate was also suppressed LPS-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 mRNA and protein in the cells. Methyl gallate was inhibited LPS-induced production of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 via suppression of their mRNA expressions. Methyl gallate blocked the NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions : This study suggests that methyl gallate of Paeonia suffruticosa may have an antiinflammatory property through suppressing inflammatory mediator production in activated macrophages.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.411-415
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• 1998

In the present study, we were evaluated cytotoxic effects of epigallocatechin gallate in human skin melanoma cells such as HTB-69. The light microscopic study showed morphological changes of the treated cells. Disruptions in cell organelles were determined by colorimetric methods; 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, neutral red (NR) assay and sulforhodamine B protein (SRB) assay. These results suggest that epigallocatechin gallate retains a potential antitumor activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.292-296
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• 2001

Three prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) inhibitors were isolated from the methanolic extract of green tea leaves. They were identified as (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin gallate, and (+)-gallucatechin gallate with the $IC_{50}$ values of 1.42${\times}$$10^{-4}$mM, $1.02{\times}10^{-2}$mM, and $1.09{\times}10^{-4}$mM, respectively. They were non-competitive with a substrate in Dixon plots and did not show any significant effects against other serine proteases such as elastase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, suggesting that they were relatively specific inhibitors against PER The isolated compounds are expected to be useful for preventing and curing of Alzheimer's disease.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.261-268
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• 2016

$Foxp3^+$ $CD25^+CD4^+$ regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and are abundant in tumors. Most of these cells are chemo-attracted to tumor tissues and suppress anti-tumor responses inside the tumor. Currently, several cancer immunotherapies targeting Treg cells are being clinically tested. Cisplatin is one of the most potent chemotherapy drugs widely used for cancer treatment. While cisplatin is a powerful drug for the treatment of multiple cancers, there are obstacles that limit its use, such as renal dysfunction and the development of cisplatin-resistant cancer cells after its use. To minimize these barriers, combinatorial therapies of cisplatin with other drugs have been developed and have proven to be more effective to treat cancer. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of the combination therapy using methyl gallate with cisplatin in EL4 murine lymphoma bearing C57BL/6 mice. The combinatorial therapy of methyl gallate and cisplatin showed stronger anti-cancer effects than methyl gallate or cisplatin as single treatments. In Treg cell-depleted mice, however, the effect of methyl gallate vanished. It was found that methyl gallate treatment inhibited Treg cell migration into the tumor regardless of cisplatin treatment. Additionally, in both the normal and cisplatin-treated tumor-bearing mice, there was no renal toxicity attributed to methyl gallate treatment. These findings suggest that methyl gallate treatment could be useful as an adjuvant method accompanied with cisplatin therapy.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.188-192
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• 2008

Methyl gallate isolated from bark of the tree Rhus verniciflua Stokes has significant antimicrobial activity against the fish pathogenic bacteria Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio anguillarum. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of gallate derivatives, eight alkyl gallates were tested. Ethyl gallate and propyl gallate had the highest activities, with MICs of $15.6-31.3{\mu}g/mL$ against E. tarda. For V. anguillarum, propyl gallate and butyl gallate were highly effective, with MICs of $7.81-31.3{\mu}g/mL$. When used in combination with antibiotics, methyl gallate exhibited synergistic effects with oxytetracycline against E. tarda and with norfloxacin against V. anguillarum. These results suggest that short-chain alkyl gallates can be used as alternatives to antibiotics against the fish pathogenic bacteria.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2010

Phenolic compounds affect intracellular free $Ca^{2+}$ concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) signaling. The study examined whether the simple phenolic compound octyl gallate affects ATP-induced $Ca^{2+}$ signaling in PC12 cells using fura-2-based digital $Ca^{2+}$ imaging and whole-cell patch clamping. Treatment with ATP ($100\;{\mu}M$) for 90 s induced increases in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in PC12 cells. Pretreatment with octyl gallate (100 nM to $20\;{\mu}M$) for 10 min inhibited the ATP-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ response in a concentration-dependent manner ($IC_{50}=2.84\;{\mu}M$). Treatment with octyl gallate ($3\;{\mu}M$) for 10 min significantly inhibited the ATP-induced response following the removal of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ with nominally $Ca^{2+}$-free HEPES HBSS or depletion of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ stores with thapsigargin ($1\;{\mu}M$). Treatment for 10 min with the L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel antagonist nimodipine ($1\;{\mu}M$) significantly inhibited the ATP-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase, and treatment with octyl gallate further inhibited the ATP-induced response. Treatment with octyl gallate significantly inhibited the $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase induced by 50 mM KCI. Pretreatment with protein kinase C inhibitors staurosporin (100 nM) and GF109203X (300 nM), or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein ($50\;{\mu}M$) did not significantly affect the inhibitory effects of octyl gallate on the ATP-induced response. Treatment with octyl gallate markedly inhibited the ATP-induced currents. Therefore, we conclude that octyl gallate inhibits ATP-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase in PC12 cells by inhibiting both non-selective P2X receptor-mediated influx of $Ca^{2+}$ from extracellular space and P2Y receptor-induced release of $Ca^{2+}$ from intracellular stores in protein kinase-independent manner. In addition, octyl gallate inhibits the ATP-induced $Ca^{2+}$ responses by inhibiting the secondary activation of voltage-gated $Ca^{2+}$ channels.