• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.129-137
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• 2024

Purpose: Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) who undergo dental procedures during radiotherapy (RT) face an increased risk of developing osteoradionecrosis (ORN). Accordingly, new tools must be developed to extract critical information regarding the dose delivered to the teeth and mandible. This article proposes a novel approach for visualizing 3-dimensional planned dose distributions on panoramic reconstruction computed tomography (pCT) images. Materials and Methods: Four patients with HNC who underwent volumetric modulated arc therapy were included. One patient experienced ORN and required the extraction of teeth after RT. In the study approach, the dental arch curve (DAC) was defined using an open-source platform. Subsequently, pCT images and dose distributions were generated based on the new coordinate system. All teeth and mandibles were delineated on both the original CT and pCT images. To evaluate the consistency of dose metrics, the Mann-Whitney U test and Student t-test were employed. Results: A total of 61 teeth and 4 mandibles were evaluated. The correlation coefficient between the 2 methods was 0.999, and no statistically significant difference was observed (P>0.05). This method facilitated a straightforward and intuitive understanding of the delivered dose. In 1 patient, ORN corresponded to the region of the root and the gum receiving a high dosage (approximately 70 Gy). Conclusion: The proposed method particularly benefits dentists involved in the management of patients with HNC. It enables the visualization of a 3-dimensional dose distribution in the teeth and mandible on pCT, enhancing the understanding of the dose delivered during RT.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.85-97
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• 2019

Background: Despite the increasing role of dry forests in climate change adaptation and mitigation, these versatile resources has got less attention in the national and regional planning, their potential to enhance the local and national economy has been overlooked, and their contribution to sustainable environmental management has not been recognized. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the socioeconomic contribution of dry forests and forest products to climate change adaptation in the Liben Woreda, Southern Oromia region of Ethiopia. Methods: For this study, an integrated qualitative and quantitative approach was used. A total of 74 households from villages in the Bulbul, Boba, and Melka-Guba kebeles were randomly selected for the household survey. Results: Results showed that 75% of the respondents in the area indicated that climate change has become their major sources of vulnerability, where drought has been manifested in the form of crops failure and massive death of livestock particularly cattle species. The main income strategies of the study households include livestock, crop, forests such as gum and resins, firewood and charcoal and non-farm activities such as in the form of petty trade, wage and aid. The average total household income was ETB 11,209.7. Out of this, dry forest income constituted 15% of the total income. In addition to using dry forests as rangeland for livestock, the communities collect wood for construction, fodder, traditional medicine, and forest food both for subsistence and for sale. On the other hand, dry forest products could be considered as less vulnerable, rather resilient livelihood strategies to climate- and environment-related risks compared to livestock and crop production such as in the face of drought periods. More than 48.6% of the households argued that the income generated from dry forests increased substantially due to increment in the level of engagement of family members in forest based income activities. On the other hand, 35.8% of the households responded that livestock production, particularly camels and goats, have been making the livelihood strategies of the respondents more resilient indicating the shift made from grazers browsers to livestock. In general trends show that, the trends of livelihood dependency on dry forest were highly increasing indicating the importance of dry forest income in responsse to frequent droughts. Conclusions: Dry forest income has been becoming crucial livelihood staretgy in response to frequent droughts in the study area and hence, it is important to improve the management of dry forests for livelihood enhancement, while also securing their long-term ecological functions.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권44호
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• pp.33-56
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• 2016

게임 및 영화산업의 급속한 확장에 따라 CG(Computer Graphic)로 구현되는 3D 애니메이션 캐릭터에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 특히, 삼차원으로 제작되는 캐릭터의 사실적인 움직임을 구현하기 위해서는 뼈와 폴리곤 면을 합쳐주는 리깅(Rigging) 작업과정을 거치게 된다. CG 관련 기술의 급속한 발전에 따라 리깅 작업 과정 또한 보다 정교해지고 있다. 하지만, 기술적인 발전에도 불구하고 여전히 리깅 작업 과정에서 시간적 비효율성, 단순 반복 작업 등의 한계점을 보이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존에 사용되는 캐릭터 리깅 방법의 문제점과 비효율성을 분석하고, 보다 효과적인 솔루션을 제안하고자 한다. 이를 위한 연구의 전개는 첫째, 리깅에 대한 일반적 작업과정과 스킨 웨이팅(Skin Weighting)에 대해 기술적 고찰을 하였다. 둘째, 기존 조인트(Joint)만 활용하여 스킨 웨이트(Skin Weight)를 하는 일반적 방법과 여기서 한 단계 발전된 방식으로 다양한 디포머(Deformer)를 활용한 웨이팅 방식을 비교 분석하였다. 셋째, 본 연구에서 제안하는 방법으로써, 디포머인 래티스(Lattice)를 활용하여 웨이팅하고 래티스를 사용한 디포머를 다시 스킨 웨이팅으로 변환하는 방법에 대해 실험연구를 진행한다. 넷째, 기존 방법과 본 연구에서 제안하는 방법에 대해 첫째, 웨이팅을 통해 형성된 지오메트리(Geometry)가 애니메이션의 순차적 움직임에 적절한 형태로 바뀌는지, 둘째, 두 개 이상의 지오메트리가 동시에 효과적으로 웨이팅이 되는지, 셋째, 효율적인 웨이팅 과정을 통한 작업시간의 단축이 이루어지는지를 중심으로 비교 분석하여, 본 연구에서 제시하는 스킨 웨이팅 방법의 효율성에 대해 검증한다. 본 연구를 통해 래티스를 활용한 스킨 웨이팅 작업 진행 결과, 웨이팅 작업과정의 핵심인 페인트 웨이트(Paint weight) 작업이 매우 효율적으로 진행되었으며, 작업시간의 단축 효과와 더불어 작업 결과물의 완성도도 매우 높음을 알 수 있었다. 본 실험연구를 통해 보다 효율적인 캐릭터 스킨 웨이트 방법이 관련 분야 전문가와 학술적 접근에 있어서 기초 자료로 활용되기를 기대한다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.291-306
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• 1995

Mandibular movement is composed of border movement and functional movement. Border movement such as maximal mouth opening, hinge opening ad lateral eccentric movement has good reproducibility, but functional movement such as chewing, swallowing and speech has also reproducibility. Especially for chewing movement, individual reproducibility has been confirmed by many studies. Study of chewing pattern is still in controversy. In new approach for raising the diagnostic value, numeric parameters and morphologic characteristics could be used for evaluation of chewing pattern. This study was performed to investigate the differences between chewing pattern in controls and in patients with temporomandibular disorders. Sixty-three patients with temporomandibular disorders participated in this study, and they were divided into unilaterally affected subjects or bilaterally affected subjects. Then unilaterally affected subjects were classified into closed lock group, disk displacement with reduction group, and degenerative joint disease group. For recording of chewing pattern, subjects were asked to chew one piece of presoftened chewing gum on both sides, and the chewing movement was recorded with the Electrognatho- Graphy(Bio-Research Associates Inc., U.S.A.). Tooth contact pattern for occlusal stability (Total left-right statistics )was also recorded with T-Scan(Tekscan Co., U.S.A.). The dta related to chewing pattern and total left-right statistics were statistically analyzed by SAS/stat program. The obtained results were as follows : 1. In patient group, mean value of A-P distance and the ratio of A-P distance to vertical distance were larger than control group, but the value of lateral distance in affected side and the closing velocity in unaffected side were smaller than that of control group, respectively. 2. In case of unilateral affected patients, chewing pattern of other side had tendency to restricted movement and slow velocity in closed lock group or degenerative joint disease group than control group or disk displacement with reduction group. 3. In bilateral degenerative joint disease patients, contralateral side had tendency to large range of motion and slow chewing velocity than preferred chewing side. 4. The patients with restricted mouth opening below than 35mm had higher value of total left-right statistics than patient group mouth opening above 35mm. Also closed lock group had higher total left-right statistics than disk displacement with reduction group, degenerative joint disease group and control group. 5. There was some difference in morphologic characteristics of chewing pattern between in control group and in affected side of unilateral patient group, but no difference between control group and unaffected side of unilateral patient group. 6. There were positive correlations between vertical distance and A-P distance, between vertical distance and chewing velocity, between A-P distance and chewing velocity, and between opening velocity and closing velocity in unilateral affected patients.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.851-860
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• 2010

Objectives : This study examined the oral health behavior and dental services utilization of adolescents in order to provide information on how to disseminate the correct oral health behavior to the youth and develop programs for the approach. Methods : The raw data of 'The Third 2007 Youth Health Behavior Online Survey' carried out by the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention were analyzed. All survey data collected was processed using SPSS ver 17.0 for data analysis as Frequency analysis, chi-square and Logistic regression analysis. Results : 1.The adolescents who have parents with college degree are 70% higher of dental services utilization than the adolescents counterpart(whose parents don't have degrees). And also the adolescents living in cities are 1.3 times higher use of dental services than others living in countries. 2. In case of drinking soda, students having soda 4 days per week on average are 1.2 times higher use of dental services than who don't. 3.The students brushing teeth after lunch are 0.9 times lower use of dental service than who don't. And the students who have tooth ache whenever they have a meal are 1.6 times higher use of dental service than the students who don't have tooth ache. The students who had a dental health education are 1.4 times higher utilization of dental service than who don't. The difference of using dental service between the students who have gum disease and halitosis and the students who don't is almost none. 4. The students who drink alcohol and smoke 10 days more or less a month are 0.8 ~ 0.9 times lower use of dental service than who don't. Conclusions : The rate of utilizing dental service is higher at students who live with parents having college degrees and the more have oral health behavior, the less use of dental service for treatment. We concluded that more educational program should be developed and vitalized so that students can have oral health.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.165-172
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• 1996

콩의 공중질소이용도(空中窒素利用度) 향상에 바람직한 우수근류균(優秀根瘤菌) 선발(選拔)의 기초자료를 얻고자 우리나라 토착(土着) B. japonicum 의 혈청형별(血淸型別) 콩 공생효과(共生效果)와 그 유의성(有意性)을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 근류균(根瘤菌)의 근류형성정도(根瘤形成程度)는 USDA 123혈청형(血淸型) 균주(菌株)를 접종한 구에서 가장 높고 다음으로 YCK 150혈청형(血淸型) > YCK 117혈청형(血淸型) > YCK 141혈청형(血淸型) > USDA 110 혈청형(血淸型) 순위의 경향이었는데, 콩 품종별(品種別) 혈청형(血淸型)에 따라서 상이하였다. 2. 콩 건물생산(乾物生産)에 있어서 근류균(根瘤菌) 접종효과(接種效果)는 콩 품종별로 상이하였으나 평균적으로 볼 때, USDA 110혈청형(血淸型)과 YCK 141혈청형(血淸型) 균주(菌株)의 접종구에서 우수하였고 USDA 123 혈청형(血淸型) 균주(菌株)의 접종구(接種區)에서는 저조하였다. 그리고 균주접종(菌株接種)에 따른 건물생산량(乾物生産量)이 가장 높았던 콩은 방사(放射)콩이었다. 3. 혈청형내(血淸型內) 균주(菌株)들의 공생효과(共生效果) 유사성(類似性)(n=20)은 근류수에서 100%, 질소고정력에서 90%, 콩 건물중에서 80% 수준(水準)이었으며, 균주(菌株)의 공생관계(共生關係) 변이분석(變異分析)에서는 또 각 혈청형간(血淸型間), 콩 품종간(品種間)에 근류수와 근류무게, 질소고정력, 콩 건물중 모두 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性)($$P{\leq_-}0.01$$)을 보였다. 그러므로 B. japonicum 의 면역혈청학적(免疫血淸學的) 특성은 콩의 공중질소이용도(空中窒素利用度) 개선연구(改善硏究)에 이용가치가 높은 것으로 판단되었다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.70-95
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• 2013

건륭(乾隆) 3년(1569)에 제작된 일본 교토(京都) 고려(高麗)미술관 소장의 <치성광여래강림도(熾盛光如來降臨圖)>는 조선 전기 치성광여래강림도상으로는 현재 유일한 것이다. 보존상태가 양호하여 작품 내 거의 모든 도상과 旁題銘의 판독이 가능한 상태이며 화기 부분도 크게 손상되지 않았다. 작품은 홍색을 올린 바탕에 금니화로 $84.8{\times}66.1cm$의 비교적 작은 크기의 불화이다. 이 작품은 화면 중앙 치성광여래를 중심으로 하여 존명이 적혀 있지 않은 양대보살, 십일요(十一曜)와 천황성(天皇星), 옥황상제(玉皇上帝) 및 이십팔숙(二十八宿), 황도십이궁(黃道十二宮), 삼태육성(三台六星), 북두칠성(北斗七星) 등이 배치되어 조선시대 성수신앙의 일 단면을 살펴볼 수 있는 좋은 자료가 되고 있다. 이 작품의 도상은 고려본 치성광여래강림도와 같은 계열이기는 하지만 일부 성수에서 자미성, 천황성과 같은 도교적 성수가 등장하고 여래형 북두칠성 등 의미있는 도상변화가 나타나고 있어 조선시대 성수신앙의 전개과정을 알 수 있다. 본 <치성광여래강림도>는 주요 권속으로 십일요가 중심이 되긴 하였으나 계도성이 생략되고 월패성도 중심에서 벗어나 있어 십일요 구성에 대한 개념은 약화되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 자미성, 옥황대제, 천황제와 같은 도교의 성수신이 포함되면서 도교와 불교 성수신의 뚜렷한 구분이 없어지는 현상도 나타나고 있다. 이 불화에 나타난 이십팔수의 별자리 그림은 중국의 치성광여래도와는 달리 우리나라 천문도의 별자리 그림을 정확히 반영하고 있어 성수신앙의 독자성도 엿볼 수 있었다. 북두칠성과 칠원성군을 동시에 그려서 칠성신앙을 강조한 사실은 칠성신앙의 중요도가 점차 높아지고 있음을 반영하는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 또한 작품의 제작 수준으로 보아 대시주 '최씨도령(崔氏徒令)'은 유복한 계층의 어린아이일 가능성이 높아, 이 작품이 자손의 연명(延命), 소재(消災) 등을 기원하면서 제작된 호신부적 성격의 불화였을 것으로 추정해볼 수 있었다.