• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.19 no.5 s.66
• /
• pp.43-49
• /
• 2005

This paper is to investigate the effect of corrosion by acoustic emission method in tensile loading and the adhesiveness between substrate and coating layer. The powders used are Zn and Amdry625, respectively. They are coated on brass alloy substrate. AE signals of Zn and Amdry625 coating layer increase drastically in strain $2\%$. However, those of Zn specimen have more than those of Amdry625 specimen. When the specimens executed the corrosion test under $3.5\%$ NaCl solution for 500, 1000 hours, the salt solution penetrated into the surface of the substrate through the pores of the coating layer. As a result, corrosion production formed on the surface of the substrate. The adhesiveness between coating layers is weakened by the polarization and corrosion itself. The AE event, count, and energy of corroded coating specimens decrease, compared to specimens without corrosion. The results are summarized as follows : 1. In the tensile tests, the time that it took to start and develop the cracks and exfoliations between the surface of the substrates and the plasma spray coatings were different according to the type of plasma sprayed material, which are Zn and Amdry625. These phenomena were obvious at the strain rate 1 to $5\%$, and few available data were found after that stage. 2. The specimens with Zn coating showed the characteristics of crack, according to the changes of the tensile strength applied on the substrates while those with Amdry625 showed exfoliation as a result of low adaptation to the tensile strength. 3. The anti-corrosion specimens showed that the adhesive properties between the substrate and the plasma spray coating were strong in the order of Zn, Amdry. It showed that Corroded specimens cracked or exfoliated easily, even with the small energy, because those had a comparatively weakened adhesive property, due to corrosion. 4. Zn specimen showed no corrosion phenomena on the surface of the substrates, because they had the function of sacrifice anode however, Amdry625 specimen showed the corrosion, because it did not have that function.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2017.05a
• /
• pp.211-211
• /
• 2017

장기유출해석 모델은 수자원의 안정적인 확보와 이용, 유역단위 기초자료 조사관리 등을 위하여 수자원 장기종합계획 및 전국유역조사사업 등에 활용되고 있다. 주로 국외에서 개발된 모형이 활용되고 있어, 국내의 여건에 맞추어 편의성이 개선된 모형을 찾는 것은 매우 어려운 일이다. 또한, 유출해석을 수행하기에 앞서 지속적으로 업데이트된 모델에 대한 객관적인 평가를 수행한 사례는 드물다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 국내에서 주로 활용되고 있는 장기유출해석모델(TANK, SWAT, SSARR, PRMS 등)에 대한 비교검토를 토대로 각종 사업과의 연계성, 계산의 효율성, 정확도 등을 고려하여 USGS에서 개발한 PRMS v.4.0.2를 기반으로 국내유역에 활용이 가능하도록 개선한 $K-BASIN^{RR}$ 및 입력자료 전처리기를 개발하였다. PRMS 모형은 융설 및 지하수 흐름 등 다양한 기능을 포함하여 강우유출 분석에 활용성 높은 모형으로 평가받고 있으나, 국내 OS환경 및 활용 단위계에서 활용성이 떨어지는 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 소스코드 개선 및 GUI구축을 통하여 PC 환경에서 구동이 쉽도록 재구성하였고, 사용자 편의성 확보를 위한 입력자료 전처리기를 개발함으로써 수자원단위지도 3.0, 임상도 재분류 테이블, 토양도 재분류 테이블의 DB화 및 모형의 구동을 위한 HRU분할, 입력자료 생성이 가능하도록 하였다. 매개변수 최적화를 위하여 하천 유량뿐만 아니라 기저유출량을 대상으로 Monte-Carlo 시뮬레이션 기반의 매개변수를 최적화 기능을 탑재하였다. 개발된 모형의 적용성 평가를 위하여 용담댐 시험유역을 대상으로 11년 간(2005-2015)의 강우 및 온도자료를 입력자료로 활용하여 모의한 결과 샘플의 개수에 따라 NSE(Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency)를 0.9까지 추정이 가능함을 파악하였다. 또한, 유출량과 기저유출에 대하여 동시에 최적화를 수행하는 경우 NSE를 유출량에 대하여 0.8, 기저유출량에 대하여 0.6까지 추정이 가능하였다. 최적화된 모의 결과에 대한 검토를 위하여 계산증발산량을 측정증발산량과 비교한 결과, 유사한 패턴을 나타내는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 개발한 $K-BASIN^{RR}$을 활용하는 경우 장기유출해석 업무에 효율성 및 정확도를 향상할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
• /
• v.28 no.11
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2023

Breast cancer is the disease that affects women the most worldwide. Due to the development of computer technology, the efficiency of machine learning has increased, and thus plays an important role in cancer detection and diagnosis. Deep learning is a field of machine learning technology based on an artificial neural network, and its performance has been rapidly improved in recent years, and its application range is expanding. In this paper, we propose a DNN-SVM hybrid model that combines the structure of a deep neural network (DNN) based on transfer learning and a support vector machine (SVM) for breast cancer classification. The transfer learning-based proposed model is effective for small training data, has a fast learning speed, and can improve model performance by combining all the advantages of a single model, that is, DNN and SVM. To evaluate the performance of the proposed DNN-SVM Hybrid model, the performance test results with WOBC and WDBC breast cancer data provided by the UCI machine learning repository showed that the proposed model is superior to single models such as logistic regression, DNN, and SVM, and ensemble models such as random forest in various performance measures.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.13-25
• /
• 2012

Ground anchor method is one of the most popular reinforcing technology for slope in Korea. For the health monitoring of slope which is reinforced by permanent anchor for a long period, monitoring of the tension force of ground anchor is very important. However, since electromechanical sensors such as strain gauge and V/W type load cell are also subject to long-term risk as well as suffering from noise during long distance transmission and immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI), optical FBG sensors embedded tendon was developed to measure strain of 7-wire strand by embedding FBG sensor into the center king cable of 7-wire strand. This FBG sensors embedded tendon has been successfully applied to measuring the short-term anchor force. But to adopt this tendon to long-term monitoring, temperature compensation of the FBG sensors embedded tendon should be done. In this paper, we described how to compensate the effect in compliance with the change of underground temperature during long-term tension force monitoring of ground anchors by using optical fiber sensors (FBG: Fiber Bragg Grating). The model test was carried out to determine the temperature sensitivity coefficient (${\beta}^{\prime}$) of FBG sensors embedded tendon. The determined temperature sensitivity coefficient ${\beta}^{\prime}=2.0{\times}10^{-5}/^{\circ}C$ was verified by comparing the ground temperatures predicted from the proposed sensor using ${\beta}^{\prime}$ with ground temperatures measured from ground thermometer. Finally, temperature compensations were carried out based on ${\beta}^{\prime}$ value and ground temperature measurement from KMA for the tension force monitoring results of tension type and compression type anchors, which had been installed more than 1 year before at the test site. Temperature compensated tension forces are compared with those measured from conventional load cell during the same measuring time. Test results show that determined temperature sensitivity coefficient (${\beta}^{\prime}$) of FBG sensors embedded tendon is valid and proposed temperature compensation method is also appropriate from the fact that the temperature compensated tension forces are not dependent on the change of ground temperature and are consistent with the tension forces measured from the conventional load cell.

• 모자간호학회지
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.21-33
• /
• 1992

This study was done to investigate how importantly midwives thought of Lamaze Method of Childbirth, how satisfactorily they performed their Lamaze Method of Childbirth and what inhibited their activities from being performed if not done satisfactorily. The subjects of this study were 76midwives at midwifery in Pusan, Deagu, Kyungnam and Kyungbok. Data were collected by using questionaire from Sep. 1 to Sep.30, 1991. The measurement tools was maded by the researcher based on Kim's scale for prenatal nursing activities. The statistical analysis was done with based statistical values likes frequencies, means, standard deviations and advanced methods such as Pearson's correlation coefficient, 1-test, F-test, F-test by using SPSS package program. The results of this study can be summarized as follows ; 1. The results of Investigating perception according to importance degree and performance degree of Lamaze Method of Childbring showed that midwives were slightly below both perception according to importance(2.17) and performance(2.16) of Lamaze Method of Childbirth 2. Inhibiting factors of Lamaze Method of Childbirth were abscence of husband(3.08), lack of teaching room(2.71), and lack of books or literature of Lamaze Method (2.58). 3. There appears to be a positive relation between perception according to importance degree and performance degree of Lamaze Method of Childbirth (r=0.69, P<0.01). There appears to be a negative relation between perception according to importance degree and inhibit factors of performance (r=-0.38, P<0.01). There appears to be a negative relation between performance and inhibit factors of performance (r=-0.22. P<0.01). 4. The item of highest perception defree in prenatal education is 1st, Consultation about sexual life (2.53), End, illustration of the importance of a bath and perinal cleanliness and Avoidance of excessive respiration method and also its comfortable application during uterine contractility(2.45). The item of lowest perception degree is about pregnant symptom sign and predicted date of birth (E.D.C.). On the other hand, The item of highest performance degree is education about nurtrition during pregnacy. 2nd, Illustration of the Importance of a bath and perineal cleanness(2.45). The lowest one is leaching the pregnant woman and her family about the role of husband and her family and also teaching the couple to learn exercise and respiration method (1.84). Though importance perception degree and performance degree is low. Midwives who wert subject in this research shoves that they perform general items concerning prenatal education well. 5. In the relationship between perception according to importance degree of Lamaze Method of Childbirth and the general characteristics of subjects, the differences in mean number of visiting pregnacies for 1 month. 6. In the relationship between performance degree of Lamaze Method of Childbirth and the general characteristics of subjects, the differences in age, marriage, and mean number of visiting pregnancies for 1 month. With the above information we see the importance of midwife prenatal care education and high correlation between performance degree and perception degree. When Lamaze prenatal education is well performed the number of pregnant woman who have follow-up, check-ups increase. Therefore in this research we can validity that there is a relation between Lamaze prenatal education and patient follow-up. This research showes in a situation where if one does not maximally perform a prenatal education there is a possibility that the popular use of midwife activities may encounter obstacles so the education to save new knowledge and training for prenatal education is needed as a function of Lamaze prenatal education, when a special Lamaze education is well performed for the pregnant woman, who follows-up at amidwife clinic. With the above conclusion we can suggest : 1. Continued research which minimized obstacles to Lamaze prenatal education is needed. 2. The official method of midwives is necessary.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.13 no.7
• /
• pp.3403-3408
• /
• 2012

The molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) are still unclear. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationships between expression of RALYL and clinical characteristics. In 41 paired samples of ccRCCs and adjacent normal tissues, we used real-time qPCR to evaluate the expression of RALYL mRNA. RALYL protein levels were determined in 146 samples of ccRCC and 37 adjacent normal tissues by immunohistochemistry. Statistical analysis was used to explore the relationships between expression of RALYL and the clinical characteristics (gender, age, tumor size, T stage, N stage, M stage, survival times and survival outcome) in ccRCC. In addition, these patients were follow-up period 64 months (range: 4~116months) to investigate the influence on prognosis. We found significantly differences between ccRCC tissues and normal tissues (p<0.001, paired-sample t test) in mRNA levels of RALYL. Immunohistochemistry analyses in 146 ccRCC samples and 37 adjacent normal tissues showed significantly lower RALYL protein levels in ccRCC samples (${\chi}^2$-test, p<0.001), inversely correlating with tumour size (p=0.024), T stage (0.005), N stage (p<0.001) as well as M stage (p=0.019), but not age (p=0.357) and gender (p=0.348). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that people with lower level of RALYL expression had a poorer survival rate than those with a higher level of RALYL expression, significantly different by the log-rank test (p=0.011). Cox regression analysis indicated that RALYL expression (p=0.039), N stage (p=0.008) and distant metastasis (p<0.001) were independent prognosis factors for the overall survival of ccRCC patients. We demonstrated that the expression of RALYL was significantly low in ccRCC and correlated with a poor prognosis in a large number of clinical samples. Our findings showed that RALYL may be a potential therapeutic target as well as a poor prognostic factor.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.52 no.5
• /
• pp.413-426
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects on fermentation characteristics of rumen microorganism by different types and levels of lignosulfonate treated soybean meal (LSBM) in in vitro test and rumen simulation continuous culture (RSCC) system in dairy cows. The experiment I was control and 12 treatments (each with 3 replications) in vitro test to demonstrate composition of different types of treatments with lignosulfonate (Desulfonate, Na, Ca and solution) and levels (2, 4 and 8%) of soybean meal in the dairy cow diet. LSBM source treatments in the dairy cow diet showed pH value, $NH_3$-N concentration and total VFA concentration lower than control at all levels and incubation times (p<0.05). Dry matter digestibility of LSBM source treatments showed lower than control (p<0.05). Gas production and rumen microbial synthesis was decreased by rumen microbial fermentation for incubation times. Undegradable protein (UDP) concentration of all LSBM treatments was decreased for incubation times, and significantly higher than control (p<0.05). In the experiment II compared diets of the control, LSBM Na 2%, LSBM Sol 2%, which are high performance to undegradable protein (UDP) concentration experiment I in vitro test, and heated treatment lignosulfonate (LSBM Heat) 2% in the dairy cow diet from four station RSCC system ($4{\times}4$ Latin square). A rumen microbial fermentation characteristic was stability during 12~15 days of experimental period in all treatments. The pH value of LSBM treatments was higher than control treatment (p<0.05). The $NH_3$-N concentration, VFA concentration and rumen microbial synthesis of LSBM treatments were lower than control (p<0.05). The undegradable protein (UDP) showed LSBM Na 2% (45.28%), LSBM Sol 2% (43.52%) and LSBM Heat 2% (43.49%) higher than control (41.55%), respectively (p<0.05). Those experiments were designed to improve by-pass protein of diet and milk protein in the dairy cows. We will conduct those experiments the in vivo test by LSBM treatments in dairy cows diet.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.48 no.1
• /
• pp.14-23
• /
• 2000

Background: The evaluation of candidates for successful lung resection is important. Our study was conducted to determine the preoperative predictors of postoperative mortality and morbidity in lung cancer patients with impaired lung function. Method; Between October 1, 1995 and August 31, 1997, 36 lung resection candidates for lung cancer with $FEV_1$ of less than 2L or 60% of predicted value were included prospectively. Age, sex, weight loss, hematocrit, serum albumin, EKG and concomitant illness were considered as systemic potential predictors for successful lung resection. Smoking history, presence of pneumonia, dyspnea scale(l to 4), arterial blood gas analysis with room air breathing, routine pulmonary function test were also included for the analysis. In addition, predicted postoperative(ppo) pulmonary factors such as ppo-$FEV_1$ ppo-diffusing capacity(DLco), predicted postoperative product(PPP) of ppo-$FEV_1%{\times}$ppo-DLco% and ppo-maximal $O_2$ uptake($VO_2$max) were also measured. Results: There were 31 men and 5 women with the median age of 65 years(range, 44 to 82) and a mean $FEV_1$ of $1.78{\pm}0.06L$. Pneumonectomy was performed in 14 patients, bilobectomy in 8, lobectomy in 14. Pulmonary complications developed in 10 patients; cardiac complications in 3, other complications(empyema, air leak, bleeding) in 4. Twelve patients were managed in the intensive care unit for more than 48 hours. Two patients died within 30 days after operation. The ppo-$VO_2$max was less than 10 ml/kg/min in these two patients. MVV was the only predictor for the pulmonary complications. However, there was no predictor for the post operative death in this study. Conclusions: Based on the results, MVV was the useful predictor for postoperative pulmonary complications in lung cancer resection candidates with impaired lung function In addition, ppo-$VO_2$max value less than 10 ml/kg/min was associated with postoperative death, so exercise pulmonary function test could be useful as preoperative test. But further studies are needed to validate this result.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.51 no.1
• /
• pp.25-34
• /
• 2001

Background : Inhaled glucocorticoids are the medical treatment of choice in asthma patients. Fluticasone propionate is one of the most effective inhaled corticosteroids and has been reported to have minimal effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis at the recommended dose. However, reports of long-term trials characterizing their systemic safety with chronic use are rare. This study was designed to evaluate the long-term safety of inhaled fluticasone propionate to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Method : This study was conducted on 21 patients to evaluate the adrenal response to rapid ACTH stimulation test after 6 months of treatment with fluticasone propionate from $200\;{\mu}g$ to $750\;{\mu}g$ daily. The serum cortisol levels was measured to assess its effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis just prior to the injection, at 30 minutes and 60 minutes after an intramuscular injection of synthetic ACTH. Result : The mean dose of inhaled fluticasone propionate was $355\;{\mu}g$ per day(SD=$174\;{\mu}g$, range=$200\;{\mu}g$ to $750\;{\mu}g$). The mean serum cortisol levels of the patients was $11.0\;{\mu}g/d{\ell}$(SD=$6.4\;{\mu}g/d{\ell}$) prior to the injection, $20.0\;{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ (SD=$7.7\;{\mu}g/d{\ell}$) after 30 minutes, and $23.0\;{\mu}g/d{\ell}$(SD=$6.3\;{\mu}g/d{\ell}$) after 60 minutes. Sixteen patients of the 21 patients had a normal response(> $18\;{\mu}g/d{\ell}$), and 5 out of the 21 patients had serum cortisol levels below the normal range after the rapid ACTH stimulation test. Conclusion: Adrenal suppression occurred in 5 out of 21 patients with 6 months treatment with inhaled fluticasone propionate.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.131-153
• /
• 2001

The importance of identifying gifted children during early childhood is becoming recognized. Nonetheless, most researchers preferred to study the primary and secondary levels where children are already and more clearly demonstrating what talents they have, and where more reliable predictions of gifted may be made. Comparatively lisle work has been done in this area. When we identify giftedness during early childhood, we have to consider the potential of the young children rather than on actual achievement. Giftedness during early childhood is still developing and less stable than that of older children and this prevents us from making firm and accurate predictions based on children's actual achievement. Dynamic assessment, based on Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development(ZPD), suggests a new idea in the way the gifted young children are identified. In light of dynamic assessment, for identifying the potential giftedness of young children. we need to involve measuring both unassisted and assisted performance. Dynamic assessment usually consists of a test-intervene-retest format that focuses attention on the improvement in child performance when an adult provides mediated assistance on how to master the testing task. The advantages of the dynamic assessment are as follows: First, the dynamic assessment approach can provide a useful means for assessing young gifted child who have not demonstrated high ability on traditional identification method. Second, the dynamic assessment approach can assess the learning process of young children. Third, the dynamic assessment can lead an individualized education by the early identification of young gifted children. Fourth, the dynamic assessment can be a more accurate predictor of potential by linking diagnosis and instruction. Thus, it can make us provide an educational treatment effectively for young gifted children.