• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.228-233
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• 1995

To make Natto, tradiational Japanese food fermented by Bacillus natto, more acceptable to Koreans, garlic(2%) and/or red pepper oleoresin(0.2%) were mixed with Natto. Through out the fermentation period, the changes in enzyme activities and sensory evaluation were compared with those of conventional Natto. Nattokinase activities were detected from 12 hour fermentation in all samples. After that period, steady increased in Nattokinase activity was observed. The activity of nattokinase decreased slightly when garlic and/or red pepper oleoresin was added. Changes in ${\gamma}-glutamyl$ transpeptidase(${\gamma}-GTP$) was not significant among samples and the similar tendency was observed in nattokinase activity. With addition of garlic, production of protease reached maximum after 8 hour of fermentation whereas it took 16 hour when red pepper oleoresin was added. However, after 24 hour of fermentation, any significant differences in protease activity were not observed. Sensory evaluation indicated that the tastes of Natto with either garlic and red pepper oleoresin or red pepper oleoresin only were much more acceptable than conventional Natto or one with garlic only.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.385-389
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• 2008

Septins are a family of filament-forming GTP-binding proteins involved in a variety of cellular process such as cytokinesis, exocytosis, and membrane dynamics. Here we report the biochemical and immunocytochemical characterization of a recently identified mammalian septin, SEPT12. SEPT12 binds GTP in vitro, and a mutation (Gly56 to Asn) in the GTP-binding motif abolished binding. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that wild-type SEPT12 formed filamentous structures when transiently expressed in Hela cells whereas $SEPT12^{G56A}$ generated large aggregates. In addition, wild-type SEPT12 failed to form filaments when coexpressed with $SEPT12^{G56A}$. We also observed that GTP-binding by SEPT12 is required for interaction with SEPT11 but not with itself.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.291-305
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• 1989

Present experiment was performed to establish the optimal reaction conditions for measurement of urinary gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase(${\gamma}$-GTP), N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosaminidase (AGS) and alanine aminopeptidase(AAP) activities in bovine and to investigate in vitro stability of the enzymes, within-run imprecision of the methods, and normal ranges. 1. The optimal wavelength for measurement of ${\gamma}$-GTP activity was 545nm. 2. The optimal pH of Tris-HCI buffer containing glycylglycine for measurement of urinary ${\gamma}$-GTP activity was 7.6～7.8(37$^{\circ}C$). 3. Coefficient of variance for within-run imprecision of urinary ${\gamma}$-GTP activity ranged from 4.8 to 7.2% and there was no significant difference among replications, 4. The optimal wavelength for measurement of urinary AGS activity was 405nm. 5. The optimal pH of citrate buffer for measurement urinary of AGS activity was 4.0(37$^{\circ}C$). 6. Coefficient of variance for within-run imprecision of urinary AGS activity ranged from 3.9 to 6.1％ and there was no significant difference among replications. 7. The optimal wavelength for measurement of urinary AAP activity was 400nm. 8. The optimal pH of phosphate buffer for measurement of urinary AAP was 7.8. 9. Coefficient of variance for within-run imprecision of urinary AAP activity ranged from 2.5 to 4.8% and there was no significant difference among replications. 10. ${\gamma}$-GTP and AGS activities were increased significantly by gel-filtration. 11. Turbidity interfered with measurement of urinary AAP activity in bovine unless the specimen was gel-filterated. 12. Preservation of the specimen at 5$^{\circ}C$ or -20$^{\circ}C$ did not affect the AGS activity at least for 7 days after collection. 13. Preservation of the specimen at 5$^{\circ}C$ or 20$^{\circ}C$ did not affect the ${\gamma}$-GTP and AAP activities statistically, but some individual specimens revealed fluctuation during preservation. 14. ${\gamma}$-GTP, AGS and AAP activities revealed fluctuation by the tine of the day when the specimen was collected. 15. The normal ranges of urinary ${\gamma}$ -GTP, AGS and AAP activities were 6.60${\pm}$3.26(2.36-14.50), 1.31 ${\pm}$ 0.81(0.33-3.78), and 1.73 ${\pm}$ 0.55(0.77-3.03)U/l. respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.318-326
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• 2007

The purpose for this study was to investigate the health status according to the age and BMI by interviewing male workers in their twenties and thirties in the Daegu Gyeongbuk region. The body measurement was assessed by height, weight, BMI, body circumference (waist, hip), waist-hip ratio and body fat mass. The health status has been analyzed and assessed as normal group, health concerned group and health suspected groups. Weight, percent ideal body weight (PIBW), BMI and body circumference (waist, hip) and waist-hip ratio was proven higher according to the order of obese group, overweight group and normal group. Waist-hip ratio was proved to be higher in the thirties group than the twenties. Body fat mass was higher in the obese, overweight and normal groups. In the concerns of health status, the ratio of health concerned group and health suspected group increased according to the increase of BMI. Blood pressure (SBP, DBP) was higher in the obese group than in the normal group and overweight groups, and blood glucose was higher in the thirties than in the twenties. SGOT, SGPT, ${\gamma}-GTP$ has been proven higher in the obese group than in the normal group and overweight group, ${\gamma}-GTP$ was higher in the thirties than in the twenties. Investigating the correlation of the anthropometric characteristics and biochemical characteristics, the heavy weight resulted in heavier BMI, PIBW, body circumference (waist, hip), waist-hip ratio and higher body fat mass. Blood pressure (SBP, DBP), total cholesterol, blood glucose, SGOT, SGPT and ${\gamma}-GTP$ all became higher according to these influences. In conclusion, male workers have to recognize that health status becomes worse and possibilities of chronic disease prevalence rate increases according to aging and the increase of BMI. Accordingly, it is necessary to make an effort to prevent chronic diseases.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1100-1117
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• 2018

The Ras superfamily of small G-proteins acts as a molecular switch on the intracellular signaling pathway. Upon ligand stimulation, inactive GTPases (Ras-GDP) are activated (Ras-GTP) using guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and transmit signals to their downstream effectors. Following signal transmission, active Ras-GTP become inactive Ras-GDP and cease signaling. However, the intrinsic GTPase activity of Ras proteins is weak, requiring Ras GTPase-activating protein (RasGAP) to efficiently convert RAS-GTP to Ras-GDP. Since deregulation of the Ras pathway is found in nearly 30% of all human cancers, it might be useful to clarify the structural and physiological roles of Ras GTPases. Recently, RasGAP has emerged as a new class of tumor-suppressor protein and a potential therapeutic target for cancer. Therefore, it is important to clarify the physiological roles of the individual GAPs in human diseases. The first RasGAP discovered was RASA1, also known as p120 RasGAP. RASA1 is widely expressed, independent of cell type and tissue distribution. Subsequently, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) was discovered. The remaining GAPs are affiliated with the GAP1 and synaptic GAP (SynGAP) families. There are more than 170 Ras GTPases and 14 Ras GAP members in the human genome. This review focused on the current understanding of Ras GTPase and RasGAP in human diseases, including cancers.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2007

To characterize $\gamma$-glutamyltranspeptidase ($\gamma$-GTP or ggt; EC 2. 3. 2. 2.) gene of Bacillus subtilis BS 62, the $\gamma$-GTP gene of BS 62 was prepared from PCR products amplified with the chromosomal DNA. The $\gamma$-GTP gene of about 2.5 kb was sequenced, and its homology was compared with the other ggt genes which were reported previously. The base sequence of the gene appeared to have an open reading frame of 1,758 bp encoding a protein of 62,175 Da. The coding region was flanked by putative ribosome binding site - AGGAGG of 7th to 12th upstream - and the stem-loof sequence was followed by transcription terminator codon. Homology of the amino acid residues sequence consisting of 587 amino acid residues was found as 98% with Bacillus subtilis gene (BSU49358), 97.4% with that of Bacillus subtilis KX 102, 37% with Pseudomonas sp. A14 (S63255) and 38% with Streptomyces avermitils (AP005028).

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.245-252
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• 1993

Amiloride is a potassium sparing duretic which specifically inhibits $Na{^+}$ channels. In the present study, we investigated the possible interaction of amiloride with $A_1$ adenosine receptors-adenylyl cyclase system in crude adipocytic plasma membrane fractions prepared from Sprague-Dawley rats. When the function of $G_i$ protein (inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein) was assessed by determining the effects of GTP on isoproterenol-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity, the inhibitory effect of high concentrations of GTP was not observed in the presence of amiloride. In contrast, the adenosine receptor-mediated inhibition of the enzyme activity, as determined empolying 2-chloroadenosine, was either unchanged or even more enhanced by amiloride depending on the concentrations of 2-chloroadenosine. Thus, it appears that GTP- and receptor-mediated inhibitory function of $G_{i}$ proteins can be separated from one another. Receptor-mediated function of $G_{s}$ protein did not appear to be significantly affected by amiloride, since the inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity by propranolol under the same conditions was not significantly altered by amiloride. The enhancement of 2-chloroadenosine-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by amiloride was maintained in the presence of 150 mM NaCl. In summary, these results suggest that amiloride interacts both with $A_{l}$ adenosine receptors and with $G_i$ proteins in adipocytic membranes. Its binding to the $A_1$ adenosine receptors appears to facilitate the coupling of the receptors with $G_i$ proteins thereby enhancing the inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity by $A_1$ adenosine agonist, and the direct interaction with $G_i$ proteins appears to remove the GTP-dependent inhibitory effect on adenylyl cyclase activity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2008

This study investigated the effects of green tea powder (GTP) on the quality characteristics of Yukwa during storage, to improve shelf-stability and sensory quality. The crude lipid contents of Yukwa decreased with increasing levels of GTP, but significant changes in moisture contents were not found. 'The blowhole size and expansion rate of Yukwa decreased with increases in GTP. The hardness of Yukwa samples with over 2% (w/v) GTP significantly increased, but no notable changes in hardness during storage were found. Sensory evaluation tests indicated that all sensory characteristics decreased with increasing GTP levels, but there was no significant difference in overall acceptability between Yukwa samples with 1% (w/v) GTP and control. Antioxidant activity increased as the concentration of GTP increased 'The results indicate that addition of 1% (w/v) G1P yielded optimal quality of Yukwa during storage.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.692-697
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• 1998

GTP cyclohydrolase I catalyzing the first reaction in the biosynthesis of pterin moiety of folic acid in bacteria, was purified from Streptomyces tubercidicus by at least 203-fold with a yield of 32% to apparent homogeneity, using ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose, Sepharose CL-6B, and hydroxylapatite column chromatography. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was estimated to be 230,000 daltons by gel permeation chromatography. The purified enzyme gave a single band on sodium dodesyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and its molecular weight was apparently 58,000 daltons. These results indicate that the enzyme consists of four subunits with the same molecular weight. The $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ values for GTP of the purified enzyme were determined to be 80${\mu}$M and 90nmol/min (mg protein), respectively. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme reaction were pH 7.5-8.5 and $40-42^{\circ}C$, respectively. Coenzyme or metal ion was not required for the enzyme activity. The enzyme activity was inhibited by most divalent cations, while it was slightly activated by potassium ion. In case of nucleotides, CTP, GMP, GDP, and UTP inhibited enzyme activity, among which GDP exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.4107-4112
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• 2012

4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) a potent oral carcinogen, widely used for induction of oral carcinogenesis, has been found to induce lipid peroxidation in vivo and in vitro. Green tea contains a high content of polyphenols, which are potent antioxidants. Thus green tea polyphenols (GTP) might be expected play a protective role against 4-NQO induced lipid peroxidation and bone marrow toxicity. In the present study, a dose of 200 mg of GTP/kg b.wt/day was given orally for a week, simultaneously animals received 0.2 ml of 0.5% 4-NQO in propylene glycol (5 mg/ml) injected intramuscularly for three times/week. Oxidants and antioxidants such as malendialdehyde (MDA) and thiols, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly decreased in 4-NQO induced animals except MDA, and these parameters were brought back to near normalcy on treatment with GTP. The results suggest that GTP treatment offers significant protection against 4-NQO induced lipid peroxidation and bone marrow toxicity and might be a promising potential candidate for prevention of mutations leading to cancer.