• 생명과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.349-356
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• 2002

노화과정에 산소라디칼이 관여할 가능성을 노화유도된 쥐를 동물모델로 하여 알아보았다. 난소를 절제한 rat와 난소를 절제하지 않은 정상의 rat에서의 생리활성에 미치는 인삼 추출물의 효과를 연구하였다. 난소를 절제한 rat에 각각 GTS (Ovx+GTS 군)와 GW (Ovx+GW 군)를 투여하고, 이것과 비교하기 위해 난소를 절제한 대조군(Ovx군)과 마지막으로 난소를 절제하지 않은 정상군(Sham군)으로 하여 항산화효과에 관한 실험방법으로 진행하였다. 노화유도된 쥐의 각 조직에서 lipid peroxidation이 증가되었고 free radical반응이 더 심하게 일어난 간 조직에서 노화진행이 그만큼 촉진되었음을 알 수 있었다. 간소라디칼반응이 항진된 원인을 규명코자 간 조직에서 미토콘드리아와 세포질분획에서 항산화효소의 활성을 조사한 결과, SOD와 glutathion reductase활성이 감소되었으며 노화나 지질과산화가 심하게 진행되었던 간 조직에서 이들 항산화효소의 활성감소가 심한 경향을 나타내었다. 생체는 free radical을 조절할 수 있는 다양한 항산화계가 존재하여 free radical을 효율적으로 제거함으로써 생체의 항상성을 유지할 수 있다. 이러한 항산화계에는 superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathion (GSH) peroxidase, GSH reductase, GSH S-transferase, catalase등의 항산화효소가 있다. SOD는 반응성을 가진 산소species인 superoxide anion을 macrophage와 polymorphonuclear leucocyte의 항균작용같은 세포방어기구에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 원칙상 눈, 피부등의 byaus이 공기중의 산소에 노출되면 oxidative stress가 커짐으로서 조직이 훼손되나 SOD같은 효소에 의해 보호되고 손상이 방지되는 것으로 알려지고 있다. 실제로 신체부위에 적용해 보면 쉽게 활성상실이 일어나므로 fatty arid와 공유결합시켜 효과적으로 superoxide radical을 제거할 수 있다. AST의 활성은 Ovx군이 Sham군에 비해 2.11배 높게 나타났으며, ALT 활성은 변화가 나타나지 않았다. AST 활성에서는 각각의 물질을 투여한 군에서는 유의적인 감소 경향을 보였다. 과산화지질함량은 Ovx군이 Sham군에 비해 높게 나타났으며, 각각의 인삼추출물을 투여한 군에서는 62%∼72%의 저해률을 보였다. 항산화 효소들은 Sham군에 비해 Ovx군에서 낮게 나타났는데, 각 물질의 투여 군에서는 유의성있는 증가를 보였다. 이러한 결과에서 보듯이, 난소 절제로 생성된 많은 free radical은 항산화효소에 의해서 감소되었으며, 그리고 인삼 추출물이 항산화 효소 대신에 노화를 저해하는 작용을 하는 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.344-350
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• 1997

당뇨병쥐에 있어서 생체내 항산화방어계에 미치는 zinc투여의 영향을 관찰하기 위하여 비타민 E 투여군과 비교실험하였다. 혈당량은 당뇨군들이 대조군에 비해 현저히 증가되었으나 ZDM군이 DM과 EDM군에 비해 약간 감소되는 경향을 띠었다. 혈장 인슐린수준은 혈당량과 반대의 경향을 띠었다. 간조직중의 TBARS 축적량은 대조군에 비해 DM군은 2.3배 높았고 ZDM군은 DM에 비해 낮아졌으며, EDM군은 대조군과 비슷하였다. 간조직중의 환원형 glutathione(GSH) 함량은 대조군에 비해 DM군은 감소되었으나 ZDM과 EDM군은 DM군에 비해 각각 2.3, 1.7배씩 증가되었다. 산화형 GSH함량은 대조군에 비해 DM군이 증가되었고, DM군에 비해 ZDM군과 EDM군 모두 감소하였으며 GSH/GSSG비는 GSH비와 비슷한 경향이었다. 간조직중의 SOD, GSH-Px, GST활성은 모두 대조군에 비해 DM군은 유의적으로 감소되었으나 ZDM, EDM군은 DM군에 비해 증가되었다. 간장과 신장에서의 metallotruonein 함량은 모두 대조군에 비해 DM, EDM군은 증가하였고, ZDM군은 20배, 5.3배 각각 현저히 증가하였다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2019

Effects on glutathione-related antioxidant parameters were examined after a chronic exposure of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus to dietary 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tert-OP). Fish were fed diets containing 4-tert-OP at 0, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg diet for 6 weeks. Antioxidant parameters examined were reduced glutathione (GSH) contents and enzyme activities of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in tissue homogenates of the liver, kidney and gill. It was observed that all parameters examined increased although there were some differences in dose responses and temporal patterns in the increase. GSH contents increased after exposure to 4-tert-OP in the three organs examined. However, the GSH increase was evident only after 4 weeks in the liver whereas it was elevated after 2 weeks in the kidney and gill. GR activity exhibited a significant increase in response to 4-tert-OP at 1 mg/kg in all three organs, however, its activity returned to control levels when exposed to 5 and 10 mg/kg. Hepatic GST activity showed an earlier increase at week 2 in contrast to the kidney and gill where they increased after 4 weeks of 4-tert-OP exposure. Temporal patterns in GPx activity changes to 4-tert-OP exposure were dissimilar among the organs: hepatic activity increased from week 2 through week 6; renal activity increased transiently at week 2; gill levels were higher through weeks 4 - 6. The results suggest that elevation of several GSH-related antioxidant parameters can be considered as evaluation criteria for 4-tert-OP-induced oxidative stress in a fish.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of regular exercise and other relating factors on the activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes and plasma total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP) in 61 healthy male college students. The study population were divided in two groups ; small amount of exerciser (exorcise time less than 30min/d) and moderate amount of exerciser (exorcise time more than 30min/d) according to their physical exercise habits measured by a questionnaire. Dietary intake of vitamin C and vitamin E, Plasma lipid Profiles, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) and catalase activities, as well as plasma TRAP levels were determined. Plasma TRAP level was significantly higher in moderate amount of exercisers than that in small amount of exercisers. No significant differences were observed in erythrocryte SOD, catalase and GSH-Px between the two groups. Mean exercise time was positively correlated with the plasma level of TRAP significantly, and amount of alcohol consumption was negatively correlated with the erythrocyte SOD activity, Dietary vitamin C and I intakes did not correlated with either erythrocyte enzyme activities or plasma TRAP levels. There were positive correlations between plasma HDL-cholesterol, and erythrocyte GSH-Px or plasma TRAP levels. Plasma vitamin C concentrations was negatively correlated with plasma TRAP levels and erythrocyte SOD activity, however plasma vitamin C concentration was positively correlated with erythrocyte GSH-Px activity, The results would suggest that regular moderate exercise, nonsmoking, high HDL-cholesterol and high plasma vitamin E concentration enhance antioxidant defences against reactive oxygen species and may increase the likelihood of a healthier life span.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.1162-1167
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• 2004

The present study was designed to define whether dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) could affect antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S transferase (GST), and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation, in the small intestine and liver from broiler chickens. A total of twenty-four 3 wk-old male broiler chickens were assigned to three dietary treatments (1.5% corn oil, 0.75% corn oil plus 0.75% CLA, and 1.5% CLA, isocalorically), and fed a grower-finisher diet from 22 to 35 days. In the small intestinal mucosae, the specific activities of SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, and GST, and the level of MDA were not substantially influenced by dietary CLA. In the liver, the specific activities of SOD, GSH-Px, and GST, and the level of MDA were also unaffected by dietary CLA at the level of either 0.75% or 1.5% compared with corn oil at the level of 1.5%. However, the broiler chickens fed the diet containing 1.5% CLA resulted in a significant increase in peroxisomal CAT activity and a marked decrease in total lipid and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) from liver tissues compared with those fed the diet containing 1.5% corn oil. In conclusion, ability of CLA to increase hepatic CAT activity suggest that dietary CLA may affect, at least in part, antioxidant defense system as well as lipid metabolism in the liver of broiler chickens.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.433-439
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• 2005

To gain further insight on the relationship between structure and functions of glutathione S-transferase (GST), the three tyrosine 108 mutants, Y108A, Y108F, and Y108W, of human GST P1-1 were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by affinity chromatography on immobilized GSH. The substitution of Tyr 108 with alanine resulted in significant decrease of the GSH-conjugation activity and the GSH peroxidase activity, but approximately 63% increase of steroid isomerase activity toward ${\Delta}^5$–[androstene 3,17-dione. On the other hand, the substitution of Tyr 108 with phenylalanine resulted in decreases of $k_{cat}\;and\;k_{cat}/K_m{^{EPNP}}$ by 2 orders of magnitude, suggesting that Tyr 108 residue of hGSTP1-1 are considered to be important for the catalysis and the binding of the epoxide substrates. The substitution of Tyr 108 with tryptophan resulted in significant decreases of the specific activities toward EPNP, cumene hydroperoxide and ${\Delta}^5$–ndrostene 3,17-dione, but approximately 2-fold increase on the enzyme-catalyzed addition of GSH to DCNB. We conclude from these results that Tyr 108 in hGST P1-1 plays very different roles depending upon the nature of the electrophilic substrates.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.435-444
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• 2003

In 1957, Schwarz and Foltz discovered that selenium (Se) was an essential trace mineral and nutritionists then started extensive studies to figure out the metabolic function of this element which has been called as toxic mineral. The discovery that glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) contained Se demonstrated a biochemical role for Se as an essential trace element. The major physiological function of Se containing GSH-Px is thought to maintain low levels of $H_2O_2$ and other hydroperoxides in the cell to prevent tissues from peroxidation damages. It is known that the GSH-Px activity is increased when animals were fed high dietary levels of Se. Chemical properties of Se have much in common with sulfur (S) therefore Se would follow the sulfur pathways in its metabolism in animal body. Two sources of Se are available for supplementation of Se in animal feed. Inorganic Se can also exist in selenide (-2), elemental (0), selenite (+4) and selenate (+6) oxidation state with other minerals. When sulfur in S containing amino acids is replaced by Se, organic Se can be made and named "eleno"prior to the name of S containing amino acid, i.e. selenomethionine. Selenium deficiency affects humans as well as animals and dysfunctions such as exudative diathesis, retained placenta, mastitis, liver necrosis, Keshan disease, numerous diseases and cancer. From several centuries ago, Se toxicity was recognized in various animal species and much of the current toxic Se levels has been established largely based upon the controlled toxicity studies used inorganic Se. Toxic effects of Se in animal result in reduced feed intake, growth retardation, ataxia, diarrhea, alopecia and sloughing of hooves. However, several experiments demonstrated that Se deficiencies or toxicities were varied by dietary Se levels and sources. Recent studies demonstrated that the incidence of colorectal and prostate cancer was reduced by approximately 50% when humans consumed 200 ${\mu}g$ of Se daily.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.355-366
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• 2001

Objectives : Oldenlandiae Diffusae herba has been used as a natural drug for tumor, inflammation and liver disease in traditional medicine. This study was performed in order to investigate the antioxidative effects of Oldenlandiae Diffusae herba methanol extract(ODHM) on acetaminophen induced acute liver injury in mice. Methods : In order to investigate the protective effect of ODHM on acute hepatic injury in vivo, ICR mice were pretreated with ODHM, and then treated with acetaminophen(500mg/kg). And the levels of LPO and glutathione(GSH), antioxidative enzyme activities were measured. The levels of LPO were measured by TBA method. And catalase activity was measured as the decrease in hydrogen peroxide absorbance at 240nm on spectrophotometer using 30mM hydrogen peroxide. Superoxide dismutase(SOD) was assayed by recording the inhibition of nitro blue tetrazolium reduction with xanthine and xanthine oxidase. Glutathione peroxidase(GPX) activity was determined by the modified coupled assay developed by Paglia and Lawrence. The reaction was started by addition of 2.2mM hydrogen peroxide as substrate. The change in absorbance at 340nm was measured for 1min on spectrophotometer. Glutathione-S-transferase(GST) activity was assayed with CDNB as substrate and enzyme activity of GST towards the glutathione conjugation of CDNB. And Total SH and GSH levels were measured. Results : In vivo study, LPO levels of acetaminophen treatment group were significantly higher than other groups. This increased level was significantly reduced by ODHM pretreatment. The acetaminophen treatment resulted in a decrease of catalase, GPX, SOD and GST activities. By contrast, ODHM pretreatment markedly increased compare to those of untreated groups. Total SH and GSH levels were reduced by of acetaminophen treatment, and ODHM pretreatment significantly increased GSH levels.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.238-247
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• 2011

본 실험은 streptozotocin(STZ)으로 당뇨병이 유도된 쥐의 혈장 요소질소량, 지질수준 및 간 지질수준, 간 효소 활성에 천연 기능성 소재 화합물이 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것이 목적이었다. 총 콜레스테롤은 기능성 소재를 보충 급여한 실험군에서 유의적으로 낮은 수치(70.69 mg/dL)를 보였으며, 이로 인해 총 콜레스테롤에 대한 HDL 콜레스테롤의 비율이 증가(42.6에서 51.5%로) 하였다. 그러나, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GSH 및 LPO 활성에는 변화가 없었으며, 이는 기능성 소재의 보충 급여가 당뇨 쥐의 산화적 스트레스에는 큰 영향을 주지 않음을 의미한다. 보충 급여가 당뇨 쥐의 AST 수치 감소시켰으며, 이는 천연 기능성 소재 화합물 섭취가 간 기능 손상을 입은 STZ 유발 당뇨 쥐에 회복작용을 함을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.254-261
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• 2017

Objective: The effects of aging and freezing/thawing sequence on color, physicochemical, and enzymatic characteristics of two beef muscles (Mm. gluteus medius, GM and biceps femoris, BF) were evaluated. Methods: Beef muscles at 3 d postmortem were assigned to four different combinations of aging and freezing/thawing sequence as follows; aging at $2^{\circ}C$ for 3 wk (A3, never-frozen control), freezing at $-28^{\circ}C$ for 2 wk then thawing (F2, frozen/thawed-only), aging at $2^{\circ}C$ for 3 wk, freezing at $-28^{\circ}C$ for 2 wk then thawing (A3F2), and freezing at $-28^{\circ}C$ for 2 wk, thawing then further aging at $2^{\circ}C$ for 3 wk (F2A3). Results: No significant interactions between different aging/freezing/thawing treatments and muscle type on all measurements were found. Postmortem aging, regardless of aging/freezing/thawing sequence, had no impact on color stability of frozen/thawed beef muscles (p<0.05). F2A3 resulted in higher purge loss than F2 and A3F2 treatments (p<0.05). A3F2 and F2A3 treatments resulted in lower shear force of beef muscles compared to F2 (p<0.05). Although there was no significant difference in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, F2A3 had the highest ${\beta}-N-acetyl$ glucominidase (BNAG) activity in purge, but the lowest BNAG activity in muscle (p<0.05). GM muscle exhibited higher total color changes and purge loss, and lower GSH-Px activity than BF muscle. Conclusion: The results from this present study indicate that different combinations of aging/freezing/thawing sequence would result in considerable impacts on meat quality attributes, particularly thaw/purge loss and tenderness. Developing a novel freezing strategy combined with postmortem aging will be beneficial for the food/meat industry to maximize its positive impacts on tenderness, while minimizing thaw/purge loss of frozen/thawed meat.