• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.187-187
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• 2017

Cadmium (Cd) pollution is rapidly increasing in worldwide due to industrialization and urbanization. In addition to its negative effects on the environment, Cd pollution adversely affects human health. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important agricultural crop worldwide, including South Korea, and studies have examined its ability to alleviate Cd uptake from the soil into plants. However, information about the relationship between sulfur (S) and antioxidants in rice seedlings is still limited with regard to Cd phytotoxicity. We therefore investigated the changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants in rice (Oryza sativa L. 'Dongjin') seedlings exposed to toxic Cd, S treatment, or both. The exposure of rice seedlings to $30{\mu}M$ Cd inhibited plant growth; increased the contents of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde (MDA); and induced Cd uptake by the roots, stems, and leaves. Application of S to Cd-stressed seedlings decreased Cd-induced oxidative stress by increasing the capacity of the glutathione (GSH)-ascorbate (AsA) cycle, promoted S assimilation by increasing cysteine, GSH, and AsA contents in treated plants, and decreased Cd transfer from the roots to the stems and leaves. In conclusion, S application of plants under Cd stress promoted Cys and GSH biosynthesis and GSH-AsA cycle activity, thereby lowering the rate of Cd transfer to plant shoots and promoting the scavenging of the ROS that resulted from Cd toxicity, thus alleviating the overall Cd toxicity. Therefore, these results provide insights into the role of S in regulating the tolerance, uptake, and translocation of Cd in rice seedlings. The results of this study indicate that S application should have potential as a tool for mitigating Cd-stress in cereal crops, especially rice.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.435-444
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• 2003

In 1957, Schwarz and Foltz discovered that selenium (Se) was an essential trace mineral and nutritionists then started extensive studies to figure out the metabolic function of this element which has been called as toxic mineral. The discovery that glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) contained Se demonstrated a biochemical role for Se as an essential trace element. The major physiological function of Se containing GSH-Px is thought to maintain low levels of $H_2O_2$ and other hydroperoxides in the cell to prevent tissues from peroxidation damages. It is known that the GSH-Px activity is increased when animals were fed high dietary levels of Se. Chemical properties of Se have much in common with sulfur (S) therefore Se would follow the sulfur pathways in its metabolism in animal body. Two sources of Se are available for supplementation of Se in animal feed. Inorganic Se can also exist in selenide (-2), elemental (0), selenite (+4) and selenate (+6) oxidation state with other minerals. When sulfur in S containing amino acids is replaced by Se, organic Se can be made and named "eleno"prior to the name of S containing amino acid, i.e. selenomethionine. Selenium deficiency affects humans as well as animals and dysfunctions such as exudative diathesis, retained placenta, mastitis, liver necrosis, Keshan disease, numerous diseases and cancer. From several centuries ago, Se toxicity was recognized in various animal species and much of the current toxic Se levels has been established largely based upon the controlled toxicity studies used inorganic Se. Toxic effects of Se in animal result in reduced feed intake, growth retardation, ataxia, diarrhea, alopecia and sloughing of hooves. However, several experiments demonstrated that Se deficiencies or toxicities were varied by dietary Se levels and sources. Recent studies demonstrated that the incidence of colorectal and prostate cancer was reduced by approximately 50% when humans consumed 200 ${\mu}g$ of Se daily.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.238-247
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• 2011

본 실험은 streptozotocin(STZ)으로 당뇨병이 유도된 쥐의 혈장 요소질소량, 지질수준 및 간 지질수준, 간 효소 활성에 천연 기능성 소재 화합물이 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것이 목적이었다. 총 콜레스테롤은 기능성 소재를 보충 급여한 실험군에서 유의적으로 낮은 수치(70.69 mg/dL)를 보였으며, 이로 인해 총 콜레스테롤에 대한 HDL 콜레스테롤의 비율이 증가(42.6에서 51.5%로) 하였다. 그러나, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GSH 및 LPO 활성에는 변화가 없었으며, 이는 기능성 소재의 보충 급여가 당뇨 쥐의 산화적 스트레스에는 큰 영향을 주지 않음을 의미한다. 보충 급여가 당뇨 쥐의 AST 수치 감소시켰으며, 이는 천연 기능성 소재 화합물 섭취가 간 기능 손상을 입은 STZ 유발 당뇨 쥐에 회복작용을 함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1173-1180
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• 1997

Hepatotoxicity of caffeine and acetaminophen was investigated in this study. Special attention was paid to the effect of vitamins on the reduction of hepatotoxicity caused by the chemicals. Rat hepaocytes isolated by two-step perfusion method were cultured in two differents methods-suspension, monolayer cultures-, and exposed to caffeine and/or acetaminophen for 24hrs. Caffeine or acetaminophen exhibited no significant hepatotoxicity in terms of intracellular glutathione(GSH) level and lipid peroxidation(MDA), but GSH level was significantly decreased after administrated acetaminophen, and the toxicity caused by the chemicals showed a dose-dependent manner. The synergistic effect of caffeine and acetaminophen was observed when both caffeine and acetaminophen were supplemented to culture medium. At the concentration 1mM, caffeine enhanced the intracellular GSH depletion and MDA formation by 63% and 64%, respectively, compared to single supplementation of 10mM acetaminophen in culture medium. This hepatotoxicity induced membrane integrity loss was observed by lightmicroscope on the simultaneous administration of caffeine and acetaminophen in monolayer cultured hepatocytes. Co-supplementation of vitamins with caffeine/acetaminophen to culture medium results in the protection of hepatocytes from hepatotoxic attach by caffeine/acetaminophen. Especially, vitamin E was superior to vitamin C and $\beta$-carotene from the standpoints of GSH depletion and MDA formation. From this results, it has been speculated that vitamin E may play a role of antioxidant scavenging radicals produced from acetaminophen. Taken all together, in vitro culture system like monolayer culture of hepatocytes may be a useful tool for the evaluation of hepatotoxicity or protection ability of food ingredients.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2019

Cadmium is a strong toxic heavy metal which presents in paints and liquid wastes and causes oxidative stress in fish. On the other hand, lead is widely used for different purposes, e.g. lead pipes, it targets vital organs such as liver and kidney causing biochemical alterations. The present study evaluates the effects of 60 days exposure to Cd and Pb either single or combined together in African catfish. Sixty-four fishes were divided into 3 groups and exposed to $CdCl_2$ (7.02 mg/L) or $PbCl_2$ (69.3 mg/L) or a combination of them along with control group. Activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) were estimated. Moreover, gill, liver and kidney were assayed for activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Individual exposure showed that both Cd and Pb significantly decreased LDH activity and SOD activity in the kidney. Pb significantly increased G-6-PDH activity and decreased GSH level in the gill. CAT activity in liver and kidney elevated significantly on Cd exposure while lead caused a significant depletion in the liver and significant elevation in the kidney. Both Cd and Pb significantly increased MDA levels in liver and kidney while Pb increased its level in gills. The combined exposure resulted in normalization of LDH, G-6-PDH activity, and CAT activity in liver and kidney as well as GSH level in both tissues and MDA in gill and kidney. The combination increased SOD activity and MDA level in liver and decreased SOD activity in kidney and GSH level in gills. In conclusion, the antioxidant system of African catfish was adversely affected by prolonged exposure to Cd and Pb. The combined exposure caused less damage than individual exposure and returned most parameters to those of controls.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2021

Objective : Caryophylli Flos has been used in Korean medicine to relieve vomiting and pains caused by chills that make fluid circulation difficult. This study was designed to investigate the protective effect of ethanol extract of Caryophylli Flos (CF) in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced apoptotic cell death in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Methods : CF was prepared by extracting 200 g of Caryophylli Flos in 2 L of ethanol for 48 h. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay, and the protein expression was monitored by Western blot analysis. Apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using fluorescent dye, and reduced glutathione (GSH) was determined with a colorimetric commercial kit. Results : CF protected HaCaT cells from cell death caused by oxidative stress after H₂O₂ treatment. H₂O₂ amplified generation of ROS and induced depletion of GSH, whereas these changes in ROS and GSH were inhibited by GF treatment. In addition, H₂O₂ resulted in apoptosis as assessed by TUNEL assay and the expression of apoptosis regulator proteins. However, cells treated with CF showed a decrease in TUNEL-positive cells and restored the reduced expression of procaspase-9, -3 and PARP. Conclusion : This study showed cytoprotective effects of CF by anti-apoptotic activity while exerting antioxidative activity in H₂O₂-treated HaCaT cells. These results suggest that CF could be beneficial in skin damage caused by oxidative stress.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.1557-1562
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• 2005

A mechanism of hair cell damage caused by noise and ototoxic agents is mediated through generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is known that most of animals have defense systems to protect against ROS, and the cochlea of inner ear in animals also has ROS defense systems including several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione (GSH), which efficiently detoxifying ROS generated under normal condition. Steamed roots of Rehmannia glutinosa have been traditionally used in Oriental medicine for the treatment of auditory disease such as tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing loss as well as inflammatory diseases, hectic fever, night sweat, and headache. In the present study, we showed that the ethanol extract from steamed roots of R. giutinosa (ESRG) increased the antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, GPX, and GR activities and GSH level in HEI-OC1 auditory cells. This extract itself did not show any significant cytotoxicity up to $50{\mu}g/ml$. Our results further support the view that ESRG is promising sources of potential antioxidants. Future studies will be aimed at investigating the effects of ESRG on the regulation of cellular mechanisms and isolating and identifying the substances responsible for the regulation of antioxidant enzyme system from the plant extracts.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.888-894
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• 2019

류마티스관절염(rheumatoid arthritis)과 골관절염(osteoarthritis) 같은 관절질환은 연골세포(chondrocytes) 감소와 관절연골(articular cartilage)의 분해를 수반한다. 최근, 연골세포의 활성과 연골 항상성(cartilage homeostasis)에 염증성 ROS (reactive oxygen species) burst 및 나이와 관련된 산화적 스트레스(oxidative stress)의 증가와 관련된 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구는 관절연골로부터 분리한 연골세포의 노화 과정과 나이대별 관절연골에서 항산화 인자들(antioxidants)의 변화를 조사함으로써, 연골세포와 관절연골의 노화 과정 동안 산화적 스트레스로부터 조직을 보호하는 항산화 인자들의 역할을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 쥐의 관절연골로부터 분리한 연골세포의 연속 계대배양을 통한 노화 과정에서 산화적 스트레스가 증가함을 관찰하였다. 그리고, 노화 유도한 연골세포는 세포내 총 glutathione (GSSG/GSH) 양과 항산화 효소 superoxide dismutase (SOD)와 heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)의 발현이 증가하였다. 다음으로, 나이대별 쥐로부터 분리한 관절연골에서 항산화 인자의 발현을 분석하였다. 항산화 인자 glutathione의 양은 40주령에서 발현이 가장 높게 관찰되었으며 72주령에 다소 감소하였고, SOD와 HO-1의 발현은 나이대별로 현저히 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 이를 종합해 볼 때, 세포내 항산화 인자들은 과도한 양의 ROS에 반응하여 연골세포의 노화와 나이와 관련된 관절연골의 퇴화 과정에서 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 보인다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.263-275
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• 2022

There is a paucity of detailed data related to the effect of senescence on the mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and redox state of senescent human cells. Activities of TCA cycle enzymes, respiratory chain complexes, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide anions (SA), lipid peroxides (LPO), protein carbonyl content (PCC), thioredoxin reductase 2 (TrxR2), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), along with levels of nicotinamide cofactors and ATP content were measured in young and senescent human foreskin fibroblasts. Primary and senescent cultures were biochemically identified by monitoring the augmented cellular activities of key glycolytic enzymes including phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glycogen phosphorylase, and accumulation of H₂O₂, SA, LPO, PCC, and GSSG. Citrate synthase, aconitase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and complex I-III, II-III, and IV activities were significantly diminished in P25 and P35 cells compared to P5 cells. This was accompanied by significant accumulation of mitochondrial H₂O₂, SA, LPO, and PCC, along with increased transcriptional and enzymatic activities of TrxR2, SOD2, GPx1, and GR. Notably, the GSH/GSSG ratio was significantly reduced whereas NAD⁺/NADH and NADP⁺/NADPH ratios were significantly elevated. Metabolic exhaustion was also evident in senescent cells underscored by the severely diminished ATP/ADP ratio. Profound oxidative stress may contribute, at least in part, to senescence pointing at a potential protective role of antioxidants in aging-associated disease.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2004

본 연구는 돼지 체외수정란의 생산에 있어서 체외배양체계를 확립하기 위해 정액의 차이와 보관시간에 따른 체외성숙난자의 체외수정 및 체외발달율을 조사하였고, NCSU23와 G1.3/G2.3 배양액으로 체외배양 시 분할율과 체외발달율을 조사하였고, 체외배양액에 GSH를 첨가 시 배발달율을 조사하였다. 본 연구에서 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 액상정액과 동결정액을 사용하여 정액에 따른 체외수정율은 각각 46.2 및 39.7%로써 액상정액을 이용한 것이 수정율이 높았지만 유의적(P<0.05)인 차이는 없었다. 한편 배반포로의 발달율은 액상정액이 동결정액보다 유의적으로 높았다.(P< 0.05) 2. 정소상체미부 정액을 day 1, 2, 3 보관후 체외수정을 유도하였을 때 수정율은 각각 60.5, 61.0 및 56.8%로서 2일 동안 보관후 사용하였을 때가 높았지만 유의적(P<0.05)인 차이가 없었다. 또한 상실배와 배반포기까지의 배발달율에서도 2일 동안 보관 후 사용하였을 때가 높았지만 유의적(P<0.05)인 차이는 없었다. 3. NCSU-23와 G1.3/G2.3으로 나눠 배양 시 분할율과 상실배기까지의 배발달율은 각각 52.8, 62.1%와 16.0, 28.9%로서 G1.3/G2.3에서 유의적(P<0.05)인 차이로 높았다. 그러나 배반포기로의 배발달율을 각각 11.6와 4.7%로서 NCSU-23에서 유의적으로 높았다.(P<0.05) 4. NCSU-23을 기본 배양액으로 하여 1 mM GSH가 첨가된 군의 분할율은 62.3%로서 GSH가 첨가되지 않은 군 53.5%보다 유의적(P<0.05)인 차로 높았지만, 상실배나 배반포기까지의 배발달율은 GSH가 첨가되지 않은 군보다 높았지만 유의적(P<0.05)인 차는 존재하지 않았다.ne을 처리하는 것이 수태율을 향상시키는 것으로 나타났다.25^{\circ}C$에서 발현되었고 이 중 79.1%가 3일령, 4일령과 5일령에 집중적으로 나타났다. 계분의 경우 $25^{\circ}C$ 처리구에서 35.12%(56.95mg/kg), $37^{\circ}C$에서 45.89%(74.40mg/kg)로 나타나 주로 $25^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 발현한 것으로 특징지어졌다. 우분의 경우 $10^{\circ}C$ 처리구에서 28.21%(43.86mg/kg), $25^{\circ}C$에서 49.30% (76.66mg/kg)로 나타나 주로 $25^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 발현한 것으로 나타났다. 3. 배양온도에서 검지 된 뷰틸산의 량은 6일 동안 돈분에서 1,463.87mg/kg, 계분에서 96.72mg/kg, 우분에서 129.18mg/kg이 발현되었으며 돈분의 경우 93.31%(1,365.95mg/kg)가 $25^{\circ}C$에서 발현되었고 이 중 87.92%가 3일령, 4일령과 6일령에 집중적으로 나타났다. 계분의 경우 $37^{\circ}C$ 처리구에서 76.60%(74.09 mg/kg)로 발현되었고 이 중 88%가 1일령, 2일령과 5일령에 집중적으로 나타났다. 우분의 경우 61.55%(79.51mg/kg)가 $25^{\circ}C$에서 발현되었고 이 중 89.6%가 1일령, 3일령과 4일령에 집중적으로 나타났다. 4. 배양온도에서 검지된 이소밸릭산의 량은 6일 동안 돈분에서 6,885.99mg/kg, 계분에서 307.47mg/kg,