• 농업과학연구
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.205-214
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• 2005

홍삼박의 보존성을 향상시켜 반추동물사료 또는 사료첨가제로 이용할 목적으로 옥수수silage(대조구, corn silage; CS)와 홍삼박silage(GS), 홍삼박+0.5%분쇄옥수수(GS0.5), 홍삼박+1.0%분쇄옥수수(GS1.0) 및 홍삼박+유산균(GSL) silage를 제조하였다. silage 발효 기간중 0, 3, 7 및 60일에 pH를 측정하고 60일에 시료를 건조하여 분쇄한 후 화학조성분과 in vivo 건물 소화율은 측정한 결과는 다음과 같이 요약되었다. 1. Silage의 화학조성분은 원료 홍삼박에 비하여 silage의 성분변화는 크게 나타나지 않았다. 전반적인 홍삼박 silage의 건물기준 조단백질(17.7~18.8%)이 옥수수 silage(8.8%)보다 높았다(P<0.05). 또한 홍삼박silage의 Ca함량은 GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 및 GSL이 0.99, 1.13, 0.99 및 1.03%로 나타나 옥수수silage(CS)의 0.31%보다 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 그러나 홍삼박 silage와 간에는 유의차가 나타내지 않았다. 2. Silage의 pH는 처음(0일)부터 홍삼박 silage가 낮았고, 발효 3, 7, 60일에서는 분쇄옥수수 0.5% 첨가구(GS0.5)가 4.2, 3.6 및 3.3으로 가장 낮았고 60일 기준으로는, 무처리구(GS)(3.6)과 유산균구(GSL)(3.7)가 높았다(p<0.05). 3. Silage의 in vivo 건물소화율에서 72시간소화율은 CS, GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 및 GSL이 각각 52.1, 76.5, 75.8, 72.9 및 77.3%로 나타나 옥수수silage보다 모든 홍삼박 silage에서 높았고(p<0.05) 홍삼박silage간에는 유이차를 보이지 않았다. 4. Silage의 발효특성중 총유기산 함량은 CS, GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 및 GSL이 각각 87.3, 44.7, 37.8, 46.3 및 47.2mM/dl로 CS가 가장 높았다. 총산 대유산 함량은 각각 53.7, 60.2, 77.2, 83.4 및 77.3%로 CS와 GS만 70% 미만이고 다른구는 70%이상으로 높게 나타났다. 5. Silage의 in vivo 건물 소화율은 발효 72시간에서 CS, GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 및 GSL이 각각 52.1, 76.5, 75.8, 72.7 및 77.3%로 나타나 CS보다 홍삼박 silage에서 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 홍삼박 silage의 품질은 분쇄 옥수수와 유산균첨가제구에서 양호했으나, 경제적인 면을 고려하여 분쇄옥수수 0.5%(GS0.5)가 효과적인 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.697-703
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• 2020

Background: GS-3K8 and GINST, both of which are modified ginseng extracts, have never been examined in terms of their effectiveness for the prevention of acute respiratory illness (ARI) in humans. We conducted a pilot study to assess the feasibility of performing a large-scale, randomized, controlled trial. Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study at a single center from October 2014 to March 2015. The 45 healthy applicants were randomly divided into the GS-3K8 (n = 15), GINST (n = 15), and placebo groups (n = 15). The study drug was administered as a capsule (500 mg/cap and 3000 mg/day). GS-3K8 contained 6.31 mg/g of Rg1, 15.05 mg/g of Re, 30.84 mg/g of Rb1, 15.02 mg/g of Rc, 12.44 mg/g of Rb2, 6.97 mg/g of Rd, 1.59 mg/g of Rg3, 3.25 mg/g of Rk1, and 4.84 mg/g of Rg5. GINST contained 7.54 mg/g of Rg1, 1.87 mg/g of Re, 5.42 mg/g of Rb1, 0.29 mg/g of Rc, 0.36 mg/g of Rb2, 0.70 mg/g of Rd, and 6.3 mg/g of compound K. The feasibility criteria were the rates of recruitment, drug compliance, and successful follow-up. The primary clinical outcome measure was the incidence of ARI. The secondary clinical outcome measures were the duration of symptoms. Results: The rate of recruitment was 11.3 participants per week. The overall rate of completed follow-up was 97.8%. The mean compliance rate was 91.64 ± 9.80%, 95.28 ± 5.75%, and 89.70 ± 8.99% in the GS-3K8, GINST, and placebo groups, respectively. The incidence of ARI was 64.3% (9/14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 31.4-91.1%), 26.7% (4/15; 95% CI, 4.3-49.0%), and 80.0% (12/15; 95% CI, 54.8-93.0%) in the GS-3K8, GINST, and placebo groups, respectively. The average days of symptoms were 3.89 ± 4.65, 9.25 ± 7.63, and 12.25 ± 12.69 in the GS-3K8, GINST, and placebo groups, respectively. Conclusion: The results support the feasibility of a full-scale trial. GS-3K8 and GINST appear to have a positive tendency toward preventing the development of ARI and reducing the symptom duration. A randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm these findings.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.640-645
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the present conventional selection program of a swine nucleus farm and compare it with a new selection strategy employing genomic enhanced breeding value (GEBV) as the selection criteria. The ZPLAN+ software was employed to calculate and compare the genetic gain, total cost, return and profit of each selection strategy. The first strategy reflected the current conventional breeding program, which was a progeny test system (CS). The second strategy was a selection scheme based strictly on genomic information (GS1). The third scenario was the same as GS1, but the selection by GEBV was further supplemented by the performance test (GS2). The last scenario was a mixture of genomic information and progeny tests (GS3). The results showed that the accuracy of the selection index of young boars of GS1 was 26% higher than that of CS. On the other hand, both GS2 and GS3 gave 31% higher accuracy than CS for young boars. The annual monetary genetic gain of GS1, GS2 and GS3 was 10%, 12%, and 11% higher, respectively, than that of CS. As expected, the discounted costs of genomic selection strategies were higher than those of CS. The costs of GS1, GS2 and GS3 were 35%, 73%, and 89% higher than those of CS, respectively, assuming a genotyping cost of $120. As a result, the discounted profit per animal of GS1 and GS2 was 8% and 2% higher, respectively, than that of CS while GS3 was 6% lower. Comparison among genomic breeding scenarios revealed that GS1 was more profitable than GS2 and GS3. The genomic selection schemes, especially GS1 and GS2, were clearly superior to the conventional scheme in terms of monetary genetic gain and profit.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.259-264
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• 1991

K.pneumoniae의 nif 유전자 발현에 미치는 glnA 산물 (GS)의 영향을 살펴보기 앞서 K.pneumoniae의 GS를 분리.정제하여 그 성질을 조사하였다. K.pneumoniae의 GS는 분자량 약 600,000의 12개 동일 subunit으로 구성되어져 이었으며 최적 반응 pH 및 온도는 각기 pH 7.0, $37^{\circ}C$ 였고 pH 5-8사이에서 활성의 변화가 크지 않았으며 $57^{\circ}C$에서 10분간 열처리 할 때 50의 활성 감소가 나타났다. 또 암모니아 농도의 변화에 따라 adenylylation-deadenylylation 기작에 의한 활성조절기작이 E.coli GS와 동일 했으며 anti-E.coli GS 항체를 이용한 immunodiffusion에서도 K.pneumoniae GS가 E.coli GS와 혈청적으로 매우 유사함이 드러났다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제65권3호
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• pp.199-213
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• 2020

국내 육성 벼 품종의 입형 특성은 협소한 유전적 배경을 가지고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 육성품종의 입형 관련 표현형과 유전자형을 분석하여 생태형에 따른 입형 특성과 대립유전자 효과를 파악하고, 자포니카 품종에 도입된 대립유전자의 기원을 확인하고자 수행되었다. 자포니카 225, 흑미 14, 통일형 생태형 33품종 등 272품종에 대해서 현미 길이, 너비, 두께, 장폭비, 천립중의 표현형과 GW2, GS3, qGL3, qSW5, GS5, TGW6, GW7, GW8 등 8개 입형 관련 유전자형을 분석하였다. 자포니카 품종은 중단립종에 단원형, 흑미와 통일형 품종은 중립종에 중원형 입형 특성을 나타냈다. 표현형에 대한 군집분석을 통해 자포니카 품종 대부분으로 구성된 그룹 1, 흑미와 통일형 품종 위주로 구성된 그룹 2, 자포니카 품종이 포함된 그룹 3 등 세 그룹으로 나눌 수 있었다. 그룹 1은 현미 너비와 두께, 그룹 2는 장폭비와 길이, 그룹 3은 천립중에 의해 영향을 많이 받아 구분되며 그룹 1은 중단립종·단원형, 그룹 2는 중립종·중원형, 그룹 3은 장립종·단원형 입형 특성을 나타냈다. 입형 관련 대립유전자형 분석 결과 gw2 (빈도수 1.1%)와 tgw6 (0.4%) 대립유전자는 매우 드물었으며, qgl3와 gw8는 통일형 생태형에서만 존재하였고 자포니카 품종의 qSW5 유전자형은 qsw5_N이 대부분을 차지하였다. 생태형별 대립유전자 조합의 수는 자포니카 7개(Cj1-Cj7), 흑미 3개(Cj_b1-Cj_b3), 통일형 13개(CT1-CT13)로 자포니카에 비해 품종수가 적은 통일형 생태형이 더 다양하였다. 자포니카 품종의 대표 대립유전자 조합은 자포니카 Cj1, 2 (GW2-GS3_C-qGL3-qsw5_N-gs5-TGW6-gw7(GW7)-GW8)로 여기에 gw2, gs3, qSW5, GS5 대립유전자가 도입됨으로써 다양성이 확대되었다. 흑미 품종의 대표 대립유전자 조합은 Cj_b2, 3 (GW2-gs3-qGL3-qsw5_N-gs5-TGW6-gw7(GW7)-GW8)로 자포니카 대표 조합에서 GS3_C가 gs3로 치환된 조합이다. 통일형 생태형은 GW2 유전자만 다형성이 없었고 7개 유전자에서 13개 대립유전자 조합이 확인되었으며 대표조합은 CT3 (GW2-GS3_C-qgl3-qsw5_N-gs5-TGW6-GW7-gw8)이다. 우리나라 대표 품종인 '신동진'의 입형 특성은 자포니카 대립유전자 조합 Cj2에서 gs3가 도입됨으로써 중대립화되었고, gs3는 미국품종 Calrose로부터 유래한 것으로 판단된다. 국내 육성 벼 품종에 대한 입형 관련 표현형과 유전자형 분석 결과는 우리나라 벼 품종의 입형 특성을 다양화하는데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.4973-4976
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• 2013

Background: To identify correlation and incidence of bone metastases in prostate cancer patient with low Gleason scores (GS) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels. Materials and Methods: This descriptive restrospective study covered patients with prostate cancer in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in 2006-2011. Of a total of 478, those who had PSA values, histological examination, and bone scan were included, resulting in 358 eligible cases. PSA values were measured using the sandwich electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. Histological examination was graded according to Gleason's grading system and divided into 3 categories: well differentiated ($GS{\leq}6$), moderately differentiated (GS 7) and poorly differentiated (GS 8-10). Bone scans were performed using a radiopharmaceutical agent ($T_c$ 99m methylenen diphosphonate) with images captured by gamma camera. Results: The mean age was $67.5{\pm}7.8$, mean GS was $7.7{\pm}1.3$ and median PSA was 56.9 (range: 0.48-17000 ng/mL). There were 11 patients (3.0%) with positive bone scan with PSA<20 ng/mL and GS<8. Furthermore, there were 2 patients (0.6%) with $GS{\leq}6$ and PSA<10 ng/mL showing bone metastasis. Conclusions: In our study, there were still small percentage of patients with bone metastasis even when low values of PSA (PSA<10 ng/mL) and GS ($GS{\leq}6$) were applied.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.430-438
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• 2020

Purpose: We investigated the clinical features and factors affecting the choice of treatment modality and the course of pediatric gallstone (GS) disease. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 65 patients diagnosed with GS using imaging studies between January 2009 and December 2017 were included. Results: This study included 65 patients (33 boys and 32 girls; mean age, 8.5±5.3 years; range, 0.2-18 years) who primarily presented with abdominal pain (34%), jaundice (18%), and vomiting (8%). Idiopathic GS occurred in 36 patients (55.4%). The risk factors for GS included antibiotic use, obesity, hemolytic disease, and chemotherapy in 8 (12.3%), 7 (10.8%), 6 (9.2%), and 4 patients (6.2%), respectively. We observed multiple stones (including sandy stones) in 31 patients (47.7%), a single stone in 17 (26.2%), and several stones in 17 (26.2%). GS with a diameter of <5 mm occurred in 45 patients (69.2%). Comorbidities included hepatitis, choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis, and acute pancreatitis in 20 (30.8%), 11 (16.9%), 11 (16.9%), and 4 patients (6.2%), respectively. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was administered to 54 patients (83.1%), leading to stone dissolution in 22 patients (33.8%) within 6 months. Cholecystectomy was performed in 18 patients (27.7%) (mean age, 11.9±5.1 years). Most patients treated surgically had multiple stones (83%) and stones measuring <5 mm in size (89%), and 66.7% of patients had cholesterol stones. Conclusion: Cholecystectomy is feasible in patients with small-sized or large numbers of GS and those with persistent abdominal pain and/or jaundice. UDCA administration with close follow-up is recommended in patients with uncomplicated GS.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.547-553
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• 2012

짚에서 분리한B. licheniformis B-59를 starter로 사용하여 12시간(GS12), 24시간(GS24) 동안 발아시킨 발아콩을 이용한 청국장의 발효 및 품질 특성을 대조구(NG)과 비교하였다. 청국장의 발효 과정 중 발아시간에 따른 총균수와 pH의 변화는 뚜렷한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 총균수는 발효 48시간 후 $10^8{\sim}10^9$ CFU/mL, pH는 6.90~7.01의 범위를 나타내었다. 발효 과정 중 점질물 함량은 증가하였으며, 유의적인 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 환원당 함량은 발효 12시간째 1.5~3배 증가하였으며, 이후 감소하였다. 발아시간에 따른 원료 콩의 총 폴리페놀 함량, 전자공여능은 뚜렷한 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, 발효 과정 중 발아시간에 따른 증가현상은 뚜렷하였다. 이소플라본 함량 중 daidzein함량은 발효전 처리구간의 차이는 나타내지 않았으나, 발효 후 NG 0.095 mg/g, GS12 0.218 mg/g 그리고 GS24 0.344 mg/g로 원료 콩의 발아 시간에 따라 청국장의 daidzein 함량은 증가하였다. 발효 후 청국장의 genistein 함량은 NG는 0.046 mg/g, GS12 0.151 mg/g, GS24 0.225 mg/g로 발아에 의해 증가하였다. 원료 콩의 유리 아미노산 함량은 각각 135.18 mg% (NG), 194.31 mg% (GS12), 262.32 mg% (GS24)로 발아시간에 따라 증가하였다. 발효 후 총 유리아미노산의 함량은 각각 254.26 mg% (NG), 337.49 mg% (GS12), 528.78 mg% (GS24)로 뚜렷하게 증가하였다. 맛, 색상, 풍미, 쓴맛, 조직감, 종합적기호도 등 청국장의 기호성은 처리구간의 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2017

This research was conducted to analyze removal efficiencies of non-point pollution source (NPS) in low impact development (LID) facilities with vegetation. In this research, removal efficiencies of NPS were calculated using rainfall monitoring data for 5 years in grassed swale (GS) and vegetative filter strip (VFS). TSS was greater than other pollutants, and it ranged 11.9 ~ 351.7 mg/L in GS and 12.8 ~ 350.7 mg/L in VFS. Outflow EMCs were reduced than inflow EMCs, overall removal efficiencies of NPS were 67 ~ 86% in GS and 63 ~ 91% in VFS. 50 % reduction efficiency of rainfall runoff was observed between inflow and outflow in each LID facility. TSS removal efficiency in GS and VFS was correlated with rainfall characteristics. The rainfall for TSS removal efficiency over 50% was determined about 31 mm, 34 mm and average rainfall intensity was 3.0 mm/hr, 3.9 mm/hr in GS and VFS. Therefore, GS and VFS were regarded effective LID facilities as removal of pollutants and rainfall runoff. Also, this research result can be used as an important data for management of NPS.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.143-155
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of Gleditsiae Spina (GS) extract on immune cells and cytokines in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice. Methods : In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and handicapped by OVA for 12 weeks. During this experiment, the one group was then treated with GS extract for the later 8 weeks (3 times per week) and analyzed by ELISA, flow cytometer and RT-PCR. Results : In vivo, there were significant decreases in eosinophils, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE in BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid). However, $IFN-{\gamma}$ in BALF of GS group increased significantly, compared with that of control group. Additionally, the population of $CD3e^-/CCR3^+,\;CD69^+/CD3e^+,\;IgE^+/B220^+,\;CD11b^+/Gr-l^+$ cells in the GS group decreased. Conclusion : The results of this study support a role for GS as an effective treatment for asthma in its experimental success in significantly decreasing inflammation and asthma reactions, and in increasing $IFN-{\gamma}$, which helps prevent such reactions.