• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2022년도 학술발표회
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• pp.209-209
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• 2022

Reservoirs play a key role in the carbon cycle between terrestrial and marine systems and are pathways that release greenhouse gases(GHGs), CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O, into the atmosphere by decomposing organic matters. Developed countries have been actively conducting research on carbon emission assessment of dam reservoirs for over 10 years under the leadership of UNESCO/IHA, but associated research is very rare in Korea. In particular, the GHGs footprint evaluation, which calculates the change in net carbon emission considering the watershed environment between pre- and post- impoundment, is very important in evaluating the carbon emission of hydroelectric dams. The objective of this study was to estimate the GHG emissions and footprints in Daecheong Reservoir using the G-res Tool, an online platform developed by UNESCO/IHA. The G-res Tool estimates CO₂ and CH₄ emissions in consideration of diverse pathway fluxes of GHGs from the reservoir and characterizes changes in GHG fluxes over 100 years based on the expected lifetime of the dam. The input required to use the G-res Tool include data related to watersheds, reservoirs, and dams, and most were collected through the government's public portal. As a result of the study, the GHG footprint of Daecheong Reservoir was estimated to be 93 gCO₂eq/m²/yr, which is similar to that of other reservoirs around the world in the same climate zone. After impoundment, the CH₄ diffusion emission from the reservoir was 73 gCO₂eq/m²/yr, also similar to those of the overseas reservoirs, but the CH₄ bubbling emission, degassing emission, and CO₂ diffusion emissions were 44, 34, 252 gCO₂eq/m²/yr, respectively, showing a rather high tendency. Since the dam reservoir carbon footprint evaluation is essential for the Clean Development Mechanism evaluation of hydroelectric power generation, continuous research is needed in the future. In particular, experimental studies that can replace the emission factors obtained from the overseas dam reservoirs currently used in the G-res Tool should be promoted.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.247-250
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• 2009

Awareness of resource conservation and pollution prevention has been continually increasing. The proven benefits from CFRP's unique combination of light weight and high strength compare to conventional material is well suited for minimizing fuel consumption during vehicle in particular rail operation. Responding the awareness, this work intends to study CFRP's recycling method that is not only technical performance but also environmental view point. According to prior work of technical performance test, this work aims at quantifying the footprint of energy and GHG derived from the two appreciated performance of pyrolysis and acids recycling methods. The streamline LCA is the concept for systematic assessment. The boundary is scoped at the recycling activity, consequently, the data in and out from the specific target activity are obtained under the gate to gate data collection. Its function is recovery carbon fiber. To count and compare function, functional unit is set at 60% of recycling rate. Korea database is mainly source for acquiring the footprint of both. The numerical results presented that the energy footprint of acids and pyrolysis is 164.95 and 1,199.88 MJ-eq., respectively. Meantime, the GHG footprint of is 1,196.22 and 5,916.08 g CO2 eq. for acids and pyrolysis. In summary, the acids recycling method is, in regarding the environmental performance, better than pyrolysis recycling method.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제55권10호
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• pp.785-799
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• 2022

본 연구의 목적은 대청댐 저수지(금강수계)를 대상으로 G-res Tool을 적용하여 배출 경로별 온실가스(Greenhouse Gas, GHG)의 배출 특성과 댐 건설에 따른 담수 전과 후의 GHG 순 배출량(온실가스 발자국)을 산정하는데 있다. 아울러, 단위전력 생산당 탄소배출량(GHG 배출강도)을 평가하고 저수지 부영양화 상태(총인 농도)에 따른 GHG 배출량 변화의 민감도를 분석하여 수질과 배출량의 관계를 해석하였다. 대청댐 건설 후 연간 GHG 배출 플럭스는 262 gCO₂eq/m²/yr이었으며, CO₂와 CH₄의 비율은 각각 45.7%와 54.2%이었다. 배출 경로별로는 CO₂ 확산이 가장 많았으며 다음으로 CH₄의 확산, 방류 시 탈기, 기포 배출 순으로 산정되었다. 댐 건설 전과 후의 GHG 순 배출량은 담수 전 산림지로 분류된 토지 피복이 담수 후 저수구역으로 변경됨으로써 탄소 흡수효과가 상실되어 510 gCO₂eq/m²/yr로 증가하였다. 대청댐의 GHG 배출강도는 전력밀도(저수면적당 발전용량)가 낮아 전세계 수력발전 중앙값보다 약 3.7배 많은 86.8 gCO₂eq/kWh로 산정되었다. 그러나 이 값은 화석연료인 석탄의 배출강도보다 9.5배 작은 값에 해당한다는 점은 주목할 만하다. 또한 저수지의 총인 농도가 감소함에 따라 GHG 배출량도 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 연구 결과는 댐 저수지의 온실가스 배출 특성에 대한 이해를 높이고, 국가 온실가스 인벤토리의 불확실성을 개선하는데 활용될 수 있다.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2012

The goal of this study, as an effort to reduce national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is to calculate the carbon footprint of students based on the commute pattern of high school students in big (Seoul), middle (Suwon) and small (Icheon) size city. By conducting a survey, the commute pattern and method of students as well as students' carbon footprint were evaluated. As a result, the carbon footprint of the high school student in Icheon ($1.698kgCO_2$) had 2~3 times higher than student's carbon footprint in Seoul ($0.623kgCO_2$) and Suwon ($0.699kgCO_2$). One of the reasons for the different carbon footprint result between big and small city was whether the public pedestrian facilities and a bicycle path or not. Based on our research results, we pointed out the problems and suggested some ways to reduce carbon footprint of students.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.64-73
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• 2020

Producing animal products from farm to table emits massive amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Modified meal plans, mainly including vegetables and grains, have been recommended to reduce GHG emissions. However, these meal plans have not been developed with regard to the micronutrient content, but rather with regard to the energy requirements of grains and vegetables, which could result in a nutritional imbalance. For this reason, we investigated a common Korean suggested meal plan (SMP) from the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, in which nutritional conditions were considered, and evaluated its GHG emissions using the Life Cycle Assessment Inventory Database and nutritional values. The SMP, which included meat, was based on the Korean Nutrition Society for adult men age 19 to 29, and was changed to a vegan meal plan (VMP). Animal-based protein sources were substituted for meat alternatives, such as beans and tofu, for which carbon footprint data was available. To compare the nutritional differences, the 9^th Korean Food Composition Tables I and II were consulted. To calculate GHG emissions, the carbon footprint data of the food was converted to a CO₂ equivalent (CO₂e) using a procedure from the Foundation of Agriculture Technology Commercialization and Transfer. It was found that GHG emissions per calorie were 18% lower for the VMP when compared to the SMP. However, if GHG emissions per total amino acids were evaluated, the VMP GHG emissions per total amino acids were 0.12 g CO₂e/mg, while the corresponding value for the SMP was 0.06 g CO₂e/mg. The Korean daily meat intake reported by the Korea Agricultural Statistics Service was 37.1% lower than in the SMP, but when converted to a protein intake the figure was 17.0% lower. It was found that each SMP resulted in more GHG emissions than the VMP, but when considered as GHG emissions per total amino acids, the opposite pattern was apparent. There is a need to conduct more detailed studies of the variation in GHG emissions with different meal plans, using the daily meat intake per person.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.374-380
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• 2014

To estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, the inventory of rice cultivation at the farming without agricultural chemicals was established from farmers in Gunsan, Jeonbuk province in 2011~2012. The objectives of this study were to calculate carbon footprint and analyse the major factor of GHGs. To do this, we carried out a sensitivity analysis using the analyzed main factors of GHGs and estimated the mitigation potential of GHGs. Also we suggested agricultural methods to reduce GHGs that can be appled by farmers at this region. At the farming system without agricultural chemicals, carbon footprint of rice production unit of 1 kg was 2.15 kg $CO_2.-eq.kg^{-1}$. Although the amount of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) emission was the largest among GHGs, methane ($CH_4$) emission had the highest contribution to carbon footprint on rice production system when it was converted to carbon dioxide equivalent ($CO_2-eq.$) multiplied by the global warming potential (GWP). Main source of $CO_2$ emission in the rice farming system without agricultural chemicals was combustion of fossil fuels used by agricultural machinery. Most of the $CH_4$ was emitted during rice cultivation practice and its major emission factor was flooded paddy field in anaerobic condition. Also, most of the $N_2O$ was emitted from rice cultivation process. Major sources of the $N_2O$ emission was application of fertilizer such as compound fertilizer. As a result of sensitivity analysis in energy consumption, diesel had the highest sensitivity among the energy inputs. With the reduction of diesel consumption by 10%, it was estimated that $CO_2$ potential reduction was about 2.0%. With reducing application rate of compound fertilizer by 10%, the potential reduction was calculated that $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ could be reduced by 0.5% and 0.9%, respectively. At the condition of 10% reduction of silicate and compost, $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ could be reduced by 1.5% and 1.6%, respectively. With 8 days more drainage than the ordinary practice, $CH_4$ emission could be reduced by about 4.5%. Drainage and diesel consumption were the main sources having the largest effect on the GHG reduction at the farming system without agricultural chemicals. Based on the above results, we suggest that no-tillage and midsummer drainage could be a method to decrease GHG emissions from rice production system.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.389-406
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• 2011

국내외 탄소발자국 연구 동향을 분석하였으며 뉴질랜드 참다래의 전과정 평가 방법의 체계를 해석하였고, 경남지역 참다래를 중심으로 과수의 탄소발자국표지 적용에 대하여 제언하였다. 제품의 탄소발자국은 일반적으로 ISO14040 시리즈, PAS 2050, GHG Protocol 등과 같은 국제표준에 따라서 평가된다. 국내 탄소발자국 표지는 한국환경산업기술원이 환경부의 위탁하에 한국 표준을 마련하고 "기후변화대응", "저탄소상품"이란 문구가 표시된 탄소성적표지를 운영하고 있지만 현재까지 농산물은 인증대상에서 제외되어 있다. 반면 영국, 스웨덴, 덴마크, 뉴질랜드 등은 농산물의 전 과정 평가를 이미 수행하고 있다. 뉴질랜드 참다래의 전과정 평가는 ISO 표준 방법들을 준용하고 ISO 표준에서 분명한 기준이 없는 경우에는 PAS 2050 표준을 준용한다. 시스템 경계는 뉴질랜드 참다래의 총 온실가스 배출량에 대한 각 단계에서의 영향을 이해하기 위해서 과원 생산에서 소비까지의 모든 전과정 단계들을 포함하였다. 전과정 평가 결과에서 총 온실가스 배출량에 대한 각 단계의 영향은 과원 생산 17%, 포장(냉장) 12%, 뉴질랜드 항구 선적 1%, 선박운송 41%, 영국 Zeebrugge에서의 재포장 3%, 대형유통점 6%, 소비 및 쓰레기처리 21%로 나타났다. 선박운송과 같은 장거리 운송은 무역에서 장애물이 될 수 있으며, 이것을 극복하기 위해서는 과원과 냉장에서 온실가스의 감축이 필요하다. 국내 산업현황 분석에 따르면 최근 참다래 수입량은 매우 빠르게 증가하고 있음에도 불구하고 참다래 재배면적과 생산량은 감소하고 있으며, 수출량도 감소하고 있다. 그 이유는 수입 농산물들에 의해서 경제적 이익이 감소하였기 때문인데, 탄소발자국 표지는 참다래뿐만 아니라 국내 과수산업의 새로운 활력을 가져올 수 있다. 과수의 국제 표준에 의한 탄소발자국 도입은 가능한 한 조속히 수행되어야 할 것이다. 본 논문에서 제시된 뉴질랜드 참다래의 전과정 평가 방법 체계는 이를 위해서 유용하게 활용될 수 있다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.55-84
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• 2015

한국은 OECD 국가 가운데 교토협약에 따른 온실가스 감축의무를 갖지 않는 몇 안 되는 국가이다. 한국은 자발적으로 2015년부터 강력한 온실가스 감축을 단행하기로 하였다. 정부의 현정책들은 온실가스 감축에 따른 경제성장의 저하를 감안하지 않고 있어, 이 정책의 지속성이 제약된다. 이 점에서 산업의 부문별 특성을 감안한 감축전략이 더욱 친환경적 전략이 될 수 있다. 이 연구는 혼합단위를 사용한 에너지 산업연관분석에서부터 온실가스 배출에 유의미한 산업을 선정해 분해분석을 함으로써 유용성을 검증하였다. 유의미한 산업은 '유기화학기초제품군'과 '시멘트 및 콘크리트 산업'을 대상으로 삼았다. 변이는 에너지 소비, 생산, 공정개선 그리고 신시설의 도입 효과로 구분해 실증되었다. 이 연구에서 디비지아 분해분석 결과치들이 부분적으론 불안정적 시계열 패턴을 보였으나, 전체분석 과정으로 보면 일련의 분석과정은 대상산업의 에너지 사용과 온실가스 배출의 행태를 이해하기에 충분한 정보를 제공하였다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2023

The interest in greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted from all industries is emerging as a very important issue worldwide. This is affecting not only the global warming, but also the environmentally friendly competitiveness of the industry. The fisheries sector is increasingly interested in greenhouse gas emissions also due to the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015. Korean industry and government are also making a number of effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions so far, but the effort to reduce GHG in the fishery sector is insufficient compared to other fields. Especially, the investigation on the GHG emissions from Korean fisheries did not carry out extensively. The studies on GHG emissions from Korean fishery are most likely dealt with the GHG emissions by fishery classification so far. However, the forthcoming research related to GHG emissions from fisheries is needed to evaluate the GHG emission level by species to prepare the adoption of Environmental labels and declarations (ISO 14020). The purpose of this research is to investigate which degree of GHG emitted to produce the species (swimming crab and snow crab) from various fisheries. Here, we calculated the GHG emission to produce the species from the fisheries using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The system boundary and input parameters for each process level are defined for LCA analysis. The fuel use coefficients of the fisheries for the species are also calculated according to the fuel type. The GHG emissions from sea activities by the fisheries will be dealt with. Furthermore, the GHG emissions for producing the unit weight species and annual production are calculated by fishery classification. The results will be helpful to establish the carbon footprint of seafood in Korea.

• 한국태양광발전학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2020

Although Sri Lanka's current carbon footprint is much less compared to other developing countries, the country's existing and planned economic developments have raised the demand for power, resulting an increased GHG (Greenhouse gas) emission. GHG in Sri Lanka is emitted mostly by the burning of fossil fuels for energy generation including transport. However, the most effective way of reducing GHG emissions from the energy sector is to use renewable energy sources. Solar is in the top list of renewable resources that has much potential to use to meet the demand for electricity generation in the country. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current status of solar power generation and opportunities, barriers for implementing the programs of solar energy in Sri Lanka. Literature reviews mainly used as the primary tool for this study. Sri Lankan government had set the targets for adding 200 MW to the national grid by 2020, and to increase up to 1000 MW by 2025 of solar electricity. To achieve these targets the prevailing barriers have to be considered.