• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.363-388
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• 2009

i) Das deutsche Arzneimittelgesetz(AMG) vom 24. 8. 1976 hat neben der Einf$\ddot{u}$hrung des Zulassungsverfahren f$\ddot{u}$r Arzneimittel anstelle des bisherigen Registrieungsverfahrens vor allem auf dem Gebiet des Haftungsrechts eine bedeutende Neuerung gebracht: die Gef$\ddot{a}$hrdungshaftung f$\ddot{u}$r den pharmazeutischen Unternehmer. Gem$\ddot{a}{\ss}$ $\S$84 AMG ist der pharmazeutische Unternehmer zum Schadensersatz verpflichtet. wenn infolge der Anwndung eines Arzneimittels ein Mensch get$\ddot{o}$tet oder K$\ddot{o}$rper oder die Gesundheit eines Menschen nicht unerheblich verletzt wird. Pharmazeutischer Unternehmer ist, wer das Arzneimittel unter seinem Namen in Verkehr bringt. ii) Die Ersatzpflicht des pharmazeutisches Unternehmers besteht jedoch nur in zwei F$\ddot{a}$llen: a) Das Arzneimittel hat bei bestimmungsgemm$\ddot{a}{\ss}$em Gebrauch sch$\ddot{a}$dliche Wirkungen, die $\ddot{u}$ber ein nach den Erkenntnissen der medizinischen Wissenschaft vertretbares Ma$\ss$ hinausgehen($\S$84 Abs. 1 Satz 2 Nr. 1 AMG). b) Der Schaden ist infolge einer nicht den Erkenntnissen der medizinischen Wissenschaft entsprechenden Kennzeichnung, Fachinformarion oder Gebrauchsinformation eingetreten($\S$84 Abs. 1 Satz 2 Nr. 2 AMG). iii) Mit dem 2. Schadensersatzrechts$\ddot{a}$nderungsgesetz ist, dem Konzept von $\S$6 Umwelthaftungsgesetz folgend, eine gesetzliche Kausalit$\ddot{a}$tsvermutung eingef$\ddot{u}$hrt worden. Ist das angewendete Arzneimittel nach den Gegebenheiten des Einzelfalls geeignet, den entstandenen Schaden zu verursachen, so soll vermutet werden, da$\ss$ das Arzneimittel auch den konkreten Schaden beim Anwender verursacht hat($\S$84 II AMG). Der pharmazeutische Unternehmer hat dann diese Vermutung zu wiederlegen. iv) Gem$\ddot{a}{\ss}$ $\S$94 AMG hat der pharmazeutische Unternehmer f$\ddot{a}$r seine Haftpflicht Deckungsvorsorge entweder durch eine Hafpflichtversicherung oder eine Freistellungs- oder Gew$\ddot{a}$hrleistungsverpflichtung eines Inl$\ddot{a}$ndischen Kreditinstituts zu treffen. v) Aber koreanisches Arzneimittelgesetz hat keine Gef$\ddot{a}$hrdungshaftung f$\ddot{u}$r Arzneimittelschaden. Es gibt nur Gefahrdungshaftung des Hersteller aufgrund des Produkthaftungsgesetzes, das auf das Arzneimittel Anwendung findet. Ich glaube, in Zukuft soll koreanisches AMG die Gef$\ddot{a}$hrdungshaftung f$\ddot{u}$r den pharmazeutischen Unternehmer regeln.

• The Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.71-77
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• 1999

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.15
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• pp.6095-6098
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• 2014

Background:Cervical cancer is potentially the most preventable and treatable cancer. Despite the known efficacy of cervical screening, a significant number of women do not avail themselves of the procedure due to lack of awareness. Objectives: This study was conducted to elicit information on the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding screening (Pap test) and vaccination for carcinoma cervix among female doctors and nurses in a tertiary care hospital in Bangalore and to assess barriers to acceptance of the Pap test. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted with semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire among female health professionals. The study subjects were interviewed for KAP regarding risk factors for cancer cervix, Pap test and HPV vaccination for protection against carcinoma cervix. Results: Higher proportion of doctors 45 (78.9%) had very good knowledge as compared to only 13 (13.3%) of the nurses, about risk factors for cancer cervix and Pap test (p=0.001). As many as 138(89.6%) of the study subjects had favorable attitude towards Pap test and vaccination, but 114 (73.6%) of the study subjects never had a Pap test and the most common reason 35 (31%) for not practicing was absence of disease symptoms. Conclusions: In spite of good knowledge and attitudes towards cancer cervix and Pap test being good, practice remained low among the study subjects and most common reasons for not undergoing Pap test was absence of disease symptoms. The independent predictors of ever having a Pap test done was found to be the occupation and duration of married life above 9yrs. Hence there is a strong need to improve uptake of Pap test by health professionals by demystifying the barriers.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.109-114
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• 2007

Sar1p is a ras-related GTP-binding protein that functions in intracellular protein transport between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex. The effector domain of Ras family proteins is highly conserved and this domain is functionally interchangeable in plant, yeast and mammalian Sar1. Using a recombinant Brassica sar1 protein (Bsar1p) harboring point mutations in its effector domain, we here investigated the ability of Sar1p to bind and hydrolyze GTP and to interact with the two sar1-specific regulators, GTPase activating protein (GAP) and guanine exchange factor (GEF). The T51A and T55A mutations impaired Bsar1p intrinsic GTP-binding and GDP-dissociation activity. In contrast, mutations in the switch domain of Bsar1 did not affect its intrinsic GTPase activity. Moreover, the P50A, P54A, and S56A mutations affected the interaction between Bsar1p and GAP. P54A mutant protein did not interact with two regulating proteins, GEF and GAP, even though the mutation didn't affect the intrinsic GTP-binding, nucleotide exchange or GTPase activity of Bsar1p.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.117
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• pp.399-418
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• 2011

Die vorliegende Untersuchung zielt darauf ab, erstens die Entstehung der $Fr{\ddot{u}}hromantik$ in Bezug auf damalige Kantkritik zu betrachten, zweites Jacobis Gedanke, der die Bewegung der $Fr{\ddot{u}}hromantik$ $ansto{\ss}t$, mittels seines Zentralbegriffs "Unbedingtes" und "$Gef{\ddot{u}}hls$" zu rekonstruieren und drittens den Kerngedanke der $Fr{\ddot{u}}hromantik$, der die unendliche $Ann{\ddot{a}}herung$ betont, durch Novalis zu $erl{\ddot{a}}utern$. $F{\ddot{u}}r$ Jacobi wird das Unbedingte als "Glaube" angesehen, weil es nicht nur der $M{\ddot{o}}glichkeitsgrund$ des Wissens ist, sondern die Vermittlung des Wissens ${\ddot{u}}berschreitet$. $W{\ddot{a}}hrend$ es die Bedingung des Wissens ist, ist es das "Sein", das den Bereich des $Bewu{\ss}tseins$ transzendiert. Somit Jacobis "Unbedingte" bzw. "Ur-Sein" ist nicht nur die Grundlage des metaphysischen Monismus, sondern die realistische Substrat, die auf den Bereich des Wissens nie reduziert wird. $F{\ddot{u}}r$ Novalis wird das Unbeclingte dem $Bewu{\ss}tsein$ nicht gegeben, vielmehr ist es der Gegenstand der Sehnsucht und des Strebens. Hier wird die Philosophie als unendliche $Ann{\ddot{a}}herung$ zum Unbedingten bestimmt. Philosophie ist sowohl die $urspr{\ddot{u}}ngliche$ $T{\ddot{a}}tigkeit$ des mit dem Transzendeten $ber{\ddot{u}}hrenden$ $Gef{\ddot{u}}hls$ als der unendliche Trieb, der den Grund zu erkennen versucht.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.239-257
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• 2009

This paper develops and discusses a method by which it is possible to evaluate the Equivalent Static Force (ESF) of wind in the case of long-span bridges. Attention is focused on the alongwind direction. The study herein carried out deals with the classical problems of determining the maximum effects due to the alongwind action and the corresponding ESFs. The mean value of the maximum alongwind displacement of the deck is firstly obtained both by the spectral analysis and the Gust Response Factor (GRF) technique. Successively, in order to derive the other wind-induced effects acting on the deck, the Gust Effect Factor (GEF) technique is extended to long-span bridges. By adopting the GRF technique, it is possible to define the ESF that applied on the structure produces the maximum alongwind displacement. Nevertheless the application of the ESF so obtained does not furnish the correct maximum values of other wind-induced effects acting on the deck such as bending moments or shears. Based on this observation, a new technique is proposed which allows to define an ESF able to simultaneously reproduce the maximum alongwind effects of the bridge deck. The proposed technique is based on the GEF and the POD techniques and represents a valid instrument of research for the understanding of the wind excitation mechanism.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.131-138
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• 2002

This paper provides the fully plastic J solutions for circumferential cracked pipes with inner, semi- elliptical surface cracks, subject to internal pressure and global bending. Solutions are given in the form of two different approaches, the GEF/EPRl approach and the reference stress approach. For the GE/EPRl approach, the plastic influence functions for fully plastic J are tabulated based on extensive 3-D FE calculations using the Ramberg-Osgood (R-O) materials, covering a wide range of pipe and crack geometries. The developed GEf/EPRl-type fully plastic J estimation equations are then re-formulated using the concept of the reference stress approach for wider applications. Based on the FE results, optimized reference load solutions for the definition of the reference stress are found for internal pressure and for global bending. Advantages of the reference stress based approach over the GE/EPRl-type approach are fully discussed. Validation of the proposed reference stress based J estimation equations will be given in Part II, based on 3-D elastic-plastic or elastic creep FE results using typical tensile properties of stainless steels and generalized creep- deformation behaviours.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.142-145
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• 2019

In recent years, the global GEF(Green Energy Family) activities to preserve the global environment due to energy consumption have been implemented under the Kyoto Protocol for the Prohibition of Carbon Dioxide Emissions, RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances directive), and WEEE(Waste Electrical and Electronice Equipment) are required to collect waste for the purpose of minimizing waste by integrating lighting and communication. In this paper, we constructed a controller that can control the illumination of RGB LED module by using fuzzy inference system and checking environmental factors(Illumination, distance to the subject, etc.) using microprocessor in real time.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1100-1117
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• 2018

The Ras superfamily of small G-proteins acts as a molecular switch on the intracellular signaling pathway. Upon ligand stimulation, inactive GTPases (Ras-GDP) are activated (Ras-GTP) using guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and transmit signals to their downstream effectors. Following signal transmission, active Ras-GTP become inactive Ras-GDP and cease signaling. However, the intrinsic GTPase activity of Ras proteins is weak, requiring Ras GTPase-activating protein (RasGAP) to efficiently convert RAS-GTP to Ras-GDP. Since deregulation of the Ras pathway is found in nearly 30% of all human cancers, it might be useful to clarify the structural and physiological roles of Ras GTPases. Recently, RasGAP has emerged as a new class of tumor-suppressor protein and a potential therapeutic target for cancer. Therefore, it is important to clarify the physiological roles of the individual GAPs in human diseases. The first RasGAP discovered was RASA1, also known as p120 RasGAP. RASA1 is widely expressed, independent of cell type and tissue distribution. Subsequently, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) was discovered. The remaining GAPs are affiliated with the GAP1 and synaptic GAP (SynGAP) families. There are more than 170 Ras GTPases and 14 Ras GAP members in the human genome. This review focused on the current understanding of Ras GTPase and RasGAP in human diseases, including cancers.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.4-8
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• 1965

Wir wollten beobachten, ob die Chlorophyllbnahme von Chlorella luteoviridis(211/2b) bei Glukose-Zugabe durch Stickstoffmangel hervorgerufen worden ist, wie viele Leute bei mineralsalzmangel(Aach (1952, Fogg 1956 Eyster et al (1958), oder Photooxydationschlorose (Kandler 1958) vermuteten. Chlorella luteoviridis bildete nicht Chlorophyll bei Glukosezugabe wie bei Autotrophkultur, obwohl Stickstoffsynthese bei Autotrophkultur stark gef rdert worden ist. Bei Nitratanzucht mit Glukose (Mixotroph) waren die Zellvermehrung und Kohlenhydratbildung nicht so stark wie bei der Glukoseanzucht mit NH4Cl2 trotzdem nahm Chlorophyll ab. Chlorella luteoviridis bildete Chlorophyll im Dunkeln und St rkeakkumulation erschien nicht bei Glukoseanzucht.