• TTA Journal
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• s.94
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• pp.140-148
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• 2004

• TTA Journal
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• s.161
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• pp.83-88
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• 2015

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2015

The efficacy of air-polishing on subgingival debridement, as compared to scaling and root planning (SRP), was evaluated clinically and microbiologically. Fifteen patients diagnosed as chronic periodontitis, and having single-root tooth over 5 mm of pocket depth symmetrically in the left and right quadrant, were investigated. Subgingival debridement was performed by SRP and air-polishing. The results were evaluated and compared clinically and microbiologically. Probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), relative attachment level (RAL) and change of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were assessed before treatment, and at 14 and 60 days after treatment. Microbial analysis was done pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at 14 and 60 days after treatment. Results of air polishing showed that post treatment, the PPD and BOP decreased, and attachment gain was observed. There was no clinical difference when compared to SRP. The volume of GCF decreased at 14 days, and increased again at 60 days. Compared to SRP, there was a statistical significance of the volume of GCF at 60 days in air-polishing. In the microbial analysis, high-risk bacteria that cause periodontal disease were remarkably reduced. They decreased immediately after treatment, but increased again with the passage of time. Thus, our results show that subgingival debridement by air-polishing was effective for decrease of pocket depth, attachment gain, decrease of GCF and inhibition of pathogens. Further studies are required to compare air-polishing and SRP, considering factors such as degree of pocket depth and calculus existence.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.637-647
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• 2015

For generalized continued fraction (GCF) with parameter ${\epsilon}(k)$, we consider the size of the set whose partial quotients increase rapidly, namely the set $$E_{\epsilon}({\alpha}):=\{x{\in}(0,1]:k_{n+1}(x){\geq}k_n(x)^{\alpha}\;for\;all\;n{\geq}1\}$$, where ${\alpha}$ > 1. We in [6] have obtained the Hausdorff dimension of $E_{\epsilon}({\alpha})$ when ${\epsilon}(k)$ is constant or ${\epsilon}(k){\sim}k^{\beta}$ for any ${\beta}{\geq}1$. As its supplement, now we show that: $$dim_H\;E_{\epsilon}({\alpha})=\{\frac{1}{\alpha},\;when\;-k^{\delta}{\leq}{\epsilon}(k){\leq}k\;with\;0{\leq}{\delta}<1;\\\;\frac{1}{{\alpha}+1},\;when\;-k-{\rho}<{\epsilon}(k){\leq}-k\;with\;0<{\rho}<1;\\\;\frac{1}{{\alpha}+2},\;when\;{\epsilon}(k)=-k-1+\frac{1}{k}$$. So the bigger the parameter function ${\epsilon}(k_n)$ is, the larger the size of $E_{\epsilon}({\alpha})$ becomes.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.119-136
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• 2015

As the means of implementation, the GCF and scaled-up climate finance compose major elements of a new climate agreement that will be implemented in 2020. The new agreement will be applicable to all parties, implying that developing countries as well as developed countries will be responsible for reducing GHG emissions. Achieving the goal of mobilizing 100 billion dollars will depend on the efforts put forth by developing countries in terms of meaningful mitigation actions and transparent implementation of the mitigation targets. This paper describes a major achievement on the negotiation related to climate finance since the Convention established and addresses the issues and perspectives for the Paris Agreement.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.339-344
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• 2011

Matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-9 is considered important in tissue destruction in periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of smoking on MMP-9 in the gingival crevicular fluid(GCF). GCF samples in upper incisors area from 332 male subjects were collected after the informed consent. The dental examination included the assessment of oral hygiene, gingival inflammation and probing pocket depth. A quantitative assessment of MMP-9 levels in GCF was performed utilizing and immunological procedure. The mean MMP-9 concentrations found in GCF of smokers(30.86 ng/ml) and quit-smokers(29.82 ng/ml) differed from non-smokers(11.33 ng/ml), adjusted by age, gingival index and Community periodontal index(p<0.001). Smoking seems to influence MMP-9 in GCF regardless of gingival inflammation and age. It means smoking can destruct the periodontal tissue for itself.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.525-536
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• 2014

Although tobacco use has been known as one of the biggest risk factors on periodontal health, little is known about the effect of smoking cessation on it. The aim of this study was to investigate the change of concentration of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9 and interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of 11 quit-smokers for 1 year after smoking cessation. Eleven male subjects to maintain quit-smoking for 1 year participated the oral examination, GCF and saliva collection without periodontal treatments at baseline, after 2 weeks, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months and 1 year. To confirm quit-smoking, nicotine and cotinine concentrations in saliva were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. MMP-8, MMP-9 and IL-$1{\beta}$ concentrations in GCF of upper anterior teeth area were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Change of MMP-8 in GCF during smoking cessation showed fluctuation with decrease (5 subjects) or increase (2 subjects) or maintenance tendency (4 subjects). Changes of MMP-9 were decrease (6 subjects), or increase (2 subjects), or maintenance (3 subjects). Change of IL-$1{\beta}$ also showed fluctuation with decrease (5 subjects) or increase (3 subjects) or maintenance tendency (3 subjects). The subjects with increase tendency had the relatively smaller amount concentration of MMP-8 and MMP-9 at the baseline. It was unclear smoking cessation without periodontal treatment could affect MMP-8, MMP-9, and IL-$1{\beta}$ in GCF. Fluctuation of periodontal biomarkers during smoking cessation might result from feedback interaction between environmental factors and periodontal cells.

• TTA Journal
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• s.134
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• pp.121-123
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• 2011

• The Science & Technology
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• s.525
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• pp.34-37
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• 2013

• Korean Architects
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• s.523
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• pp.13-13
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• 2012