• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.176-186
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• 2016

For several decades, lactic acid bacterium (Lactobacillus graminis: LAB) has been generally recognized as safe. To develop the pan-environmental bio-control agent, algicidal activity of the live LAB cell and its culture filtrate (CF) was examined against Microcystis aeruginosa. LAB cells perfectly lysed M. aeruginosa within 3 days, while the CF had a less effect than the live cells, approximately 78% inhibition of algal growth during a same culture period. The concentration of microcystin in alone culture of M. aeruginosa was $7.1{\mu}gL^{-1}$, but gradually increased and leach $158.5{\mu}gL^{-1}$ on 10 days. However, LAB cells clearly decreased the microcystin by $10.3{\mu}gL^{-1}$ in the same period, approximately 93.5%. CF of LAB showed a strong algicidal activity over 75% between pH 2-7, 91.3% by the treatment of proteinase K, 87.8% by below 3 kDa in particle size, and 75.3% by heat treatment, respectively. Of five solvents, fractions of CF passed through solvents diethyl ether and ethyl acetate showed an obvious algicidal activity in the algal-lawn test. Among 5 fractions purified by silica-gel TLC plate, two spots showed a most strong removal activity on M. aeruginosa. Another analysis of GC indicate that CF contained six representative fatty acids. Even though most of these substance have been known as an anti-algal substance against M. aeruginosa, oleic acid is the most effective. These results suggested that the culture filtrate or specific substances, like a fatty acids, in comparison with live L. graminis can be a successful and eco-friendly agent to control Microcystis bloom.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.123-128
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• 2001

In order to develop the biotechnological methods for the mass production of anticancer compounds from tissue culture of Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer, these studies were carried out for the selection of ginseng cell lines containing higher concentration of polyacetylene compounds and optimal condition for their biosynthesis. Panaxynol, one of ginseng polyacetylene, was not detected in any callus induced from ginseng superior cell lines cultured on MS medium supplemented with $\beta$-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (CPA). Panaxydol, another one of polyacetylene and anticancer compounds, were detected in calli of 5 cell lines by thin layer chromatogram and gas chromatogram. Among the 18 ginseng superior lines, the cell line 30201 has higher content of panaxydol. Especially, panaxydol was not detected in the callus induced from cell line 10301 which cultured on the medium containing CPA only, however, it was detected on the same callus cultured on mixed medium containing CAP 2 mg/L and BA 0.05 mg/L. SH medium was better than MS medium for ginseng callus growth and biosynthesis of polyacetylene, and also found that it was not effected by NAA and sucrose concentration in the culture medium.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.533-542
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• 2014

We extracted essential oils from four species (Pinus densiflora, Larix kaempferi, Pinus koraiensis, and Abies holophylla) in the family Pinaceae to investigate their antibacterial activities against respiratory tract bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophillus influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumonia, and Neisseria meningitides). Among the tested oils, that from A. holophylla was showed strong activity based on disc diffusion and broth medium dilution (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) assays. Qualitative analysis of A. holophylla oil was carried out by GC-MS; ${\alpha}$-pinene, camphene, ${\beta}$-pinene, 3-carene, limonene, bornyl acetate, borneol, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, ${\alpha}$-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and ${\alpha}$-bisabolol were identified as its major constituents. Fractionation by silica gel chromatography was performed to analyze the active constituents of the crude oil. In particular, one fraction containing caryophyllene oxide as the major constituent showed stronger antibacterial activity than the crude oil of A. holophylla. Growth rates of bacterial strains exposed to fraction D were explored by optical density (OD600) measurements while morphology was examined by optical microscopy observations ( ${\times}1000$). OD600 of K. pneumoniae decreased from 0.2582 to 0.005 in response to treatment with fraction D at a MIC value of $0.31{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 2014

Essential oil yields and chemical compositions from 5 populations of Chamaecyparis obtusa with several environmental factors were investigated through essential oil extracted distillation apparatus and metabolite profiling by GC-MS analysis. Among the populations, content of essential oil at Gokseong was significantly higher than other populations. To compare the several environmental factors affecting on chemical composition and essential oil yields from C. obtuse at Gokseong, the environmental factors (soil condition, temperature, humidity, and moisture content) were measured during 1 year. The essential oils at Goksung based on humidity on March, July, and November was significantly different from other months. The essential oils at Goksung based on temperature on July and August was significantly different from other months. The essential oils at Goksung based on the moisture content on September were significantly different from other months. The percentage of T-N, OM, and yield of oil at Gokseong were significantly different on from other populations. The main constituents of C. obtusa at all populations were ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\alpha}$-terpinene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, terpinene-4-ol, isobonyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, and cedar acetate. Specially, Essential oil compositions (%) of ${\alpha}$-terpinene and cedar acetate were higher at Gokseong than at other populations. The chemical compositions of essential oils were variable depend on populations and environmental conditions. Therefore, this study might be used as fundamental research on study for selection of high productive terpenoids and for understanding about biosynthesis of essential oils in C. obtusa.

• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.700-708
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• 2004

The genes located within the p74 gene region of the Choristoneura fumiferana granulovirus (ChfuGV) were identified by sequencing an 8.9 kb BamHI restriction fragment on the ChfuGV genome. The global guanine-cytosine (GC) content of this region of the genome was 33.02%. This paper presents the ORFs within the p74 gene region along with their transcriptional orientations. This region contains a total of 15 open reading frames (ORFs). Among those, 8 ORFs were found to be homologues to the baculoviral ORFs: Cf-i-p , Cf-vi, Cf-vii, Cf-viii (ubiquitin), Cf-xi (pp31), Cf-xii (lef-11), Cf-xiii (sod) and Cf-xv-p (p74). To date, no specific function has been assigned to the ORFs: Cf-i, Cf-ii, Cf-iii, Cf-iv, Cf-v, Cf-vi, Cf-vii, Cf-ix and Cf-x. The most noticeable ORFs located in this region of the ChfuGV genome were ubiquitin, lef-11, sod, fibrillin and p74. The phylogenetic trees (constructed using conceptual products of major conserved ORFs) and gene arrangement in this region were used to further examine the classification of the members of the granulovirus genus. Comparative studies demonstrated that ChfuGV along with the Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV), Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV), Adoxophyes orana granulovirus (AoGV) and Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (ClGV) share a high degree of amino acids sequence and gene arrangement preservation within the studied region. These results support a previous report, which classified a granuloviruses into 2 distinct groups: Group I: ChfuGV, CpGV, PhopGV and AoGV and Group II: Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus (XcGV) and Plutella xylostella granulovirus (PxGV). The phylogenetic and gene arrangement studies also placed ClGV as a novel member of the Group I granuloviruses.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to examine how plant terpenoids, as natural growth substrates or inducers, would affect the biodegradation of PCB congeners. Various PCB degraders that could grow on biphenyl and several terpenoids were tested for their PCB degradation capabilities. Degradation activities of the PCB congeners, 4,4-dichlorobiphenyl (4,4-DCBp) and 2,2-dichlorobiphenyl (2,2-DCBp), were initially monitored through a resting cell assay technique that could detect their degradation products. The PCB degraders, Pseudomonas ((S)-(-) limonene, p-cymene and $\alpha$-terpinene) whereas Arthrobacter sp. B1B could not grow on the terpenoids as a sole carbon source. The B1B strain grown on biphenyl exhibited good degradation activity for 4,4-DCBp and 2,2-DCBp, while the activity of strains P166 and T104 was about 25% that of the B1B strain, respectively. Concomitant GC analysis, however, demonstrated that strain T104, grown on (S)-(-) limonene, p-cymene and $\alpha$-terpinene, could degrade 4,4-DCBp up to 30%, equivalent to 50% of the biphenyl induction level. Moreover, strain T104 grown on (S)-(-) limonene, could also degrade 2,2-DCBp up to 30%. This indicates that terpenoids, widely distributed in nature, could be utilized as both growth and/or inducer substrate(s) for PCB biodegradation in the environment.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.227-236
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• 2002

For ten firn cores, from both the eastern and the western side of Lambert Glacier basin (LGB), snow accumulation rate and isotopic temperature were measured far the recent 50 years. Results show that snow accumulation for five cores over the eastern side of LGB (GC30, GD03, GD15, DT001, and DT085) at Wilks Land and Princess Elizabeth Land increases, whereas it decreases at the western side (Core E, DML05, W200, LGB 16, and MGA) at Dronning Maud Land, Mizuho Plateau and Kamp Land. For the past decades, the increasing rate was $0.34-2.36kg\;m^{-2}a^{-1}$ at the eastern side and the decreasing rate was $-0.01\;-\;-2.36kg\;m^{-2}\;a^{-1}$ at the western side. Temperatures at the eastern LGB were also increased with the rate of $0.02%o\;a^{-l}$. At the western LGB it was difficult to see clear trends, which were confirmed by Instrumental temperature records at coastal stations. Although statistic analysis and modeling results display that both surface temperature and accumulation rate has increased trends in Antarctic ice sheet during 1950-2000, the regional distributions were much more different for different geographic areas. We believe that ice-core records at Wilks Land and Princess Elizabeth Land reflect the real variations of SST and moisture change in the southern India Ocean. For the Kamp Land and Dronning Maud Land, however circulation pattern was different, by which the climate was more complicated. The International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE) aimed to reveal an overall spatial pattern of climate change over Antarctic ice sheet for the past 200 years. This study points the importance of continental to regional circulation to annual-decadal scale climate change in Antarctica.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.2030-2035
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• 2016

Bacillus cereus causes food-borne illness through contaminated foods; therefore, its pathogenicity and genome sequences have been analyzed in several studies. We sequenced and analyzed B. cereus strain FORC_021 isolated from a sashimi restaurant. The genome sequence consists of 5,373,294 bp with 35.36% GC contents, 5,350 predicted CDSs, 42 rRNA genes, and 107 tRNA genes. Based on in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values, B. cereus ATCC $14579^T$ was closest to FORC_021 among the complete genome-sequenced strains. Three major enterotoxins were detected in FORC_021. Comparative genomic analysis of FORC_021 with ATCC $14579^T$ revealed that FORC_021 harbored an additional genomic region encoding virulence factors, such as putative ADP-ribosylating toxin, spore germination protein, internalin, and sortase. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity testing showed that FORC_021 exhibited a high level of cytotoxicity toward INT-407 human epithelial cells. This genomic information of FORC_021 will help us to understand its pathogenesis and assist in managing food contamination.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 2017

Engine oil is a substance used for the lubrication of internal combustion systems. However, in some case, defects in engine systems may contaminate engine oil with fuel. Contaminated engine oil can cause problems in the normal functioning of a vehicle. In this study, we investigate the functional properties of engine oil contaminated with diesel fuel. The test results indicate that the engine oil contaminated with diesel fuel has low flash point, pour point, density, kinematic viscosity and cold cranking simulator value. The contaminated engine oil which has low plash point can cause fire and explosion accident. Furthermore, a four ball test indicates that the contaminated engine oil increases wear scar to poor lubricity. Moreover, we investigate the GC pattern using SIMDIST (simulated distillation) for determination of diesel in engine oil. The SIMDIST analytic result, diesel was detected at earlier retention time than engine oil in chromatogram. Thus the SIMDIST method can define whether engine oil is contaminated by diesel fuel or not. We can use the SIMDIST method for the diagnosis of oil condition instead of analyzing other physical properties that require many analytic instruments, large volume of oil sample and long analysis time.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.489-495
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze harmful heavy metals, sulfur dioxide and residual pesticides in 30 kinds of oriental medical materials. This study was carried out on 30 samples of oriental medical materials. The examination's methods fallow the guideline of Food and Drug Administration. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used to analyze lead, arsenic, cadmium. Mercury was analyzed by amalgamation method. A modified Monier-Williams method was used to analyze sulfur dioxide. The Gas Chromatography / Electron Capture Detector (GC/ECD) was used to analyze residual pesticides. Most of the results were within normal limits at baseline. but Cadmium was detected 0.523 mg/kg more than 0.3 mg/kg in Cinnamomi ramulus and Endosulfan was detected 11.595 mg/kg more than 0.2 mg/kg in Alismatis rhizoma. We needs to keep the quality of herbal medicines assessing and controling for safety of herbal medicines.