• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.365-371
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• 2014

In the present study, we investigated the biological activities of Xylosma congesta leaf ethanol extract (XCO) using a variety of in vitro and cell culture model systems for anti-melanogenic, anti-wrinkle, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. First, XCO markedly inhibited ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone-stimulated melanin synthesis in B16F10 cells. Secondly, XCO marginally induced procollagen synthesis in CCD-986SK cells. Thirdly, XCO dose-dependently suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. XCO did not affect cell viability at different concentrations used in this study, indicating that XCO-mediated inhibition of melanin, procollagen and NO synthesis is not mediated by cytotoxicity. Finally, XCO was found to exert anti-oxidant effect. Taken together, these findings demonstrate for the first time that XCO possesses anti-melanogenic, anti-wrinkle, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities, and suggest further evaluation and development of XCO as a functional supplement or cosmetic that may be useful for whitening skin, reducing wrinkles and treating inflammatory responses.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.351-358
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment are vegetated by wetland plants. Wetland plants are an important component of wetlands, and the plants have several roles in relation to the livestock wastewater treatment processes. The objectives of this study were to investigate the growth characteristics and nutrient absorption of water plants in constructed wetlands for treating livestock wastewater. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, livestock wastewater treatment plant by constructed wetlands consisted of $1^{st}$ water plant filtration bed, $2^{nd}$ activated sludge bed, $3^{rd}$ vertical flow(VF), $4^{th}$ horizontal flow(HF) and $5^{th}$ HF beds. Phragmites communis TRINIUS(PHRCO) was transplanted in $3^{rd}$ VF bed, Iris pseudoacorus L(IRIPS) was transplanted in $4^{th}$ HF bed and PHRCO, IRIPS and Typha orientalis PRESEL(THYOR) were transplanted in $5^{th}$ HF. Growth of water plants in constructed wetlands were the highest in October. The IRIPS growth was higher than other plant as 264 g/plant in October. The absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus by IRIS were 3.38 g/plant and 0.634 g/plant, respectively. The absorption of K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn by water plants were higher in the order of IRIPS > THYOR > PHRCO. CONCLUSION(S): The absorption of nutrients by water plants were higher on the order of IRIPS > THYOR > PHRCO in constructed wetlands for treating livestock wastewater.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.81-86
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• 2005

The immune activities of the extracts from Ephedrae Herba and Rubi Frutus extraction with ultrasonification at $60^{\circ}C$ were compared with the extracts though water extraction at $100^{\circ}C$. The growth of human T cells was increased up to $13{\times}10^4\;viable\;cells/m{\ell}$ in adding $1.0\;g/{\ell}$ of the ultrasonification extracts of R. Fructus at $60^{\circ}C$, compared to adding the extracts at $100^{\circ}C$. The secretion of $TNF-{\alpha}$ for human T cells were also increased up to $13.9{\times}10^{-4}$ pg/cell by adding extracts at $60^{\circ}C$, compared to extracts at $100^{\circ}C$. The extracts of R. Fructus at $60^{\circ}C$ increased NK cell activities up to 50% and the secretion of $NO^{-1}$ from macrophage to $31\;{\mu}M$ for ultrasonification extracts at $60^{\circ}C$.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.609-617
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• 2020

After introducing the industry 4.0 policy, Korean government announced 'Digital New Deal' and 'Green New Deal' as 'Korean New Deal' in 2020. We analyzed Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM)'s research projects related to that policy and conducted markets analysis focused on Digital Twin and environmental monitoring technologies. Regarding 'Data Dam' policy, we suggested the digital geo-contents with Augmented Reality (AR) & Virtual Reality (VR) and the public geo-data collection & sharing system. It is necessary to expand and support the smart mining and digital oil fields research for '5th generation mobile communication (5G) and artificial intelligence (AI) convergence into all industries' policy. Korean government is suggesting downtown 3D maps for 'Digital Twin' policy. KIGAM can provide 3D geological maps and Internet of Things (IoT) systems for social overhead capital (SOC) management. 'Green New Deal' proposed developing technologies for green industries including resource circulation, Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS), and electric & hydrogen vehicles. KIGAM has carried out related research projects and currently conducts research on domestic energy storage minerals. Oil and gas industries are presented as representative applications of digital twin. Many progress is made in mining automation and digital mapping and Digital Twin Earth (DTE) is a emerging research subject. The emerging research subjects are deeply related to data analysis, simulation, AI, and the IoT, therefore KIGAM should collaborate with sensors and computing software & system companies.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.265-272
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• 2002

Forage breeding laboratory of National Livestock Research Institute, R.D.A. has made interspecific hybrids of Lolium multiflorum $\times$ L. pratensis and intergeneric hybrids of Lolium $\times$ Festuca since 1984, and has collected ecotypes of Italian ryegrass since 1991. Growth characteristics of these hybrids and ecotypes were researched, and then these clone lines were named. Among these clone lines, the several clones that have polen fertility, high cold-tolerance, and similar heading time were used for making synthetics, Naehan 6, 7, 8, 9, with polycrossing method in 1997. Field experiments were carried out to compare the mophological and agronomical characteristics and forage productivity and quality of the synthetics with those of Italian ryegrass varieties, Barmultra and Hwasan 101. in Suwon and Yonchun from 1999 to 2000. Heading time of the synthetics were 22th to 24th May that belong to late-mature types to be similar to that of Barmultra and Hwasan 101 in Suwon. The synthetics were 101 to 106 c3n in plant length, medium or thick in thickness of stem, dark peen in leaf color, broad and long in flag leaf, strong in lodging resistance, and excellent in regrowth. Winter survivals of the synthetics were no different from that of Barmultra or Hwasan 101 in Suwon, but better than that of Barmultra or Hwasan 101 in Yonchun where was -10 to -12$^{\circ}C$ of minimum average air temperature in January or February. Dry matter(DM) yields of the synthetics were similar to DM 8,238kg per ha of Barmultra in Suwon, but in Yonchun, were more 7 to 13% than DM 7,291kg per ha of Barmultra. Forage qualities, IVDMD, ADF, NDF and TDN of the synthetics were lower than those of Hwasan 101, but higher than those of Barmultra.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.729-741
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• 1997

Background : We have recently reported that airway epithelial cells can produce RANTES and IL-8 in response to the stimulation of tubercle bacilli suggesting a certain role of airway epithelial cells in the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis. The pathogenesis of tuberculosis is determined by several factors including phagocytosis, immunological response of host, and virulence of tubercle bacilli. Interestingly, there have been reports suggesting that difference in immunological response of host according to the virulence of tubercle bacilli may be related with the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. We, therefore, studied the expressions and productions of RANTES and IL-8 in airway epithelial cells in response to tubercle bacilli(H37Rv, virulent strain and H37Ra, avirulent strain), in order to elucidate the possible pathophysiology of pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods : Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from normal volunteers. Peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) were stimulated with LPS($10{\mu}g/ml$), H37Rv, or H37Ra($5{\times}10^5$ bacilli/well) along with normal control for 24 hours. A549 cells were stimulated with supernatants of cultured PBM for 24 hours. ELISA kit was used for the measurement of $TNF{\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ production in supernatants of cultured PBM and for the measurement of RANTES and IL-8 in supernatants of cultured A549 cells. Northern blot analysis was used for the measurement of RANTES and IL-8 mRNA expression in cultured A549 cells. Results : $TNF{\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ productions were increased in cultured PBM stimulated with LPS or tubercle bacilli(H37Rv or H37Ra) compared with the control. There was, however, no difference in $TNF{\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ production between cultured PBM stimulated with H37Rv and H37Ra. RANTES and IL-8 expressions and productions were also increased in cultured A549 cells stimulated with LPS or tubercle bacilli compared with the control. RANTES and IL-8 mRNA expressions were significantly increased in cultured A549 cells stimulated with H37Ra-conditioned media(CM) compared with A549 cells stimulated with H37Rv-CM (p<0.05). However, there was no difference in RANTES and IL-8 productions between A549 cells stimulated with H37Rv-CM and H37Ra-CM. Conclusion : Airway epithelial cells can produce the potent chemokines such as RANTES and IL-8, in response to the stimulation of tubercle bacilli. These results suggest that airway epithelial cells may play a certain role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis. However, the role of airway epithelial cells in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis according to the virulence of tubercle bacilli was not clear in this study.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.228-238
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• 2007

This study was conducted to increase sweetpotato utilization and to determine the vegetative value of sweetpotato tips by investigating the phenolic compounds, antioxidative effect in oil, electron donating ability, nitrite scavenging effect and ACE inhibition activities. The phenolic compounds present in sweetpotato tips are the gallic, chlorogenic, gentisic, caffeic, couramic and ferulic acid, which are 16-122 times higher compared to other vegetables such as spinach, soybean sprout, and perilla leaves. In each solvent extract, the total phenolic compounds (175.8mg/g) was composed of 55% EtOAc extraction and 39% BuOH extract, respectively. The results of induction period using the Rancimat method showed that the antioxidant activity of SP tips was higher than the tocopherol or BHT. The relative levels of each solvent extract in SP tips were as follows: EtOAc>BHT>BuOH>Tocopherol>Water>$CHCl_3$>Hexane. The peroxide value was measured every 5 days for 25 days during storage and results showed that the peroxide value, the tips, tuberous root and tocopherol were lower compared to spinach, soybean sprout and perilla leaves. Nitrite scavenging effects were excellent in sweetpotato tips, perilla leaves and soybean sprout, especially, inhibition rate of perilla leaves (72%) were superior to the others. In process of solvent extraction, activity of BuOH and water extractions were the best. ACE inhibition activity in sweetpotato tips was 1.5 times higher than in tuberous roots and $1.9{\sim}3.7$ times higher than in spinach, soybean sprout, perilla leaves.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.120-128
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• 2008

The death ligand tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/ Apo1L is a cytokine that activates apoptosis through cell surface death receptors. TRAIL has sparked growing interest in oncology due to its reported ability to selectively trigger cancer cell death. Euphorbiae humifusae Wind has been used in traditional Oriental medicine as a folk remedy used for the treatment of cancer. However, the mechanism responsible for the anticancer effects of E. humifusae not clearly understood. Here, we show that treatment with subtoxic doses of water extract of E. humifusae (WEEH) in combination with TRAIL induces apoptosis in TRAIL-resistant human gastric carcinoma AGS cells. Combined treatment with WEEH and TRAIL induced chromatin condensation and sub-G1 phase DNA content. These indicators of apoptosis were correlated with the induction of caspase activity that resulted in the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Combined treatment also triggered the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, co-treatment with WEEH and TRAIL down-regulated the protein levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, XIAP and cIAP-1. Although more study will be needed to examine the detailed mechanisms, this combined treatment may offer an attractive strategy for safely treating gastric adenocarcinomas and the results provide important new insights into the possible molecular mechanisms of the anticancer activity of E. humifusae.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.255-263
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• 1977

Fermented squid, Loligo kobiensis, is widely used and occupies an important position in foods of this country. But no study on its taste compounds has been reported. This study was attempted to establish the basic data for evaluating taste compounds of fermented squid. The changes of such compounds during fermentation as free amino acids, nucleotides and their related compounds, TMAO, TMA and betaine were analysed. The sample was prepared with 20% salt content and fermented at a controlled temperature of $15{\pm}3^{\circ}C$. ADP, AMP and inosine tended to degrade rapidly while hypoxanthine increased more than four times as compared with raw sample at 91 day fermentation. In the free amino acid composition of fresh squid, abundant amino acids were proline, taurine, alanine, arginine, serine, glutamic acid, lysine, glycine, leucine and valine in order. Such amino acids like phenylalanine, methionine, tyrosine, isoleucine, and histidine were poor. In squid extract, proline and taurine were dominant holding 40.2% and 32.0% of total free amino acids respectively. The total free amino acid nitrogen in fresh squid was 33.6% of its extract nitrogen. The changes of free amino acid composition in the extract of squid during fermentation was not observed. In the extract of fermented product, abundant amino acids were proline, leucine, lysine, serine, arginine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, methionine and glycine in order. Glutamic acid and histidine were poor and taurine and tyrosine were trace in content. The increase of total free amino acids during 63 day fermentation reached approximately wore than 1.8 times as compared with that of raw sample and than decreased slowly. The amount of betaine increased more than 1.2 times as compared with that of raw sample during 91 day fermentation. TMA increased while TMAO decreased during fermentation. The amount of TMAO nitrogen in 91 days fermented squid was 402.4mg% on moisture and salt free base. Betaine and TMAO known as sweet compounds were abundant in fermented squid. It is supposed that these compounds could also play a role as important taste compounds of fermented squid. It is concluded that the major taste compounds of fermented squid were amino acids like proline, leucine, serine, lysine, arginine, alanine and betaine. Other compounds such as valine, isoleucine and TMAO and hypoxanthine could also not be excluded as taste supporters in fermented squid.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2005

Morphometric changes in testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells from hatching to adulthood were studied using Korean native chickens of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 24, 28, 32, 44, 52 and 64 weeks (n=13 chickens per group) of age. The objective of this study was to understand the developmental phase of the Sertoli and Leydig cells with age. Testis of chickens was fixed by whole body perfusion using a fixative containing $2.5\%$ glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer, processed and embedded in Epon-araldite. Using 1 Um sections stained with methylene blue-azure II, qualitative and quantitative (stereological) morphological studies were performed. The average volume of a testis of 1 week old Korean native chickens was determined as $0.148\;cm^3$ and the parameter increased linearly from 1 week to 21 weeks days $(28.86\;cm^3)$, and did not change from 21 weeks to 64 weeks. The volume density of the seminiferous tubules increased with age from $32.6\%$ at week 1 to $92.89\%$ at week 64. The volume density of the interstitium represents $67.4\%$ of the testicular parenchyma at week 1. This proportion progressively diminished during development to reach a value of $7.11\%$ at week 64. The volume density of the Leydig cells decreased almost linearly from 1 week $(4.9\%)$ to 14 weeks $(1.7\%)$ and remained unchanged thereafter. In contrast, the Sertoli cells occupied a volume density of $3.4\%$ at week 1, increased progressively up to 18 weeks of age $(10.79\%)$ and remained unchanged thereafter. The absolute volume of the Leydig and Sertoli cells per testis increased significantly from week 1 to week 21 but did not change significantly from week 24 to week 64. The number of Leydig cells per testis increased almost linearly from 1 week to 21 weeks, remained high and unchanged with advancing age. The number of Sertoli cells per testis increased gradually with age from 1 week to 14 weeks and remained unchanged thereafter.