• The Korean Journal of Malacology
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.305-312
• /
• 2012

Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum (SL; $32.74{\pm}2.18mm$, TW; $8.29{\pm}1.41g$, N; 450) were exposed to various concentrations of naphthalene for 20 weeks. Exposure concentrations of naphthalene established control, solvent control (ethanol), 30, 60, 90 and $120{\mu}g$ Nap $L^{-1}$ following results of 96h acute exposure. After exposure during 20 weeks, survival rate of the manila clam was lowed in 60, 90 and $120{\mu}g$ Nap $L^{-1}$ exposure group compared control group. Also, sex ratio of male was higher in $60{\mu}g$ Nap $L^{-1}$ exposure group (${\chi}^2=5.492$, P < 0.05) but lowed $90{\mu}g$ Nap $L^{-1}$ exposure group (${\chi}^2=4.214$, P < 0.05) and $120{\mu}g$ Nap $L^{-1}$ exposure group (${\chi}^2=30.118$, P < 0.05). Gonad development was delayed in female (> $60{\mu}g$ Nap $L^{-1}$) and male (> $30{\mu}g$ Nap $L^{-1}$). Intersex was 16.28% in female, 1.68% in male. In this result, naphthalene caused survival decrease, imbalance of sex ratio, delay of gonad development of the manila clam. Also, chronic exposure to naphthalene suggested abnormal effects in reproduction of the manila clam.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.390-397
• /
• 1991

Ethanol production by calcium alginate-immobilized baker's yeast (Saccharor/tyces cereviszae) was studied in the batch fermentation using glucose medium as a feed. Immobilied cells were stable between $30^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$ whereas free cells were stable between $30^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$ The beads were showed constant ethanol productivity during 720 hours (30 days) over. Fermentation characteristics of immobilized baker's yeast were examined changing the initial glucose concentration of broth in fermentation. Initial glucose concentrations employed were 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/l, respectively. In 15% gucose medium, maximum specific growth rate, maximum ethanol yield and ethanol concentration were observed as 0.092 $h^{-1}$, 0.45, 67.5 g/l, respectively.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.136-140
• /
• 2012

Trifoliate orange seed extracts (TSEs) were made using either distilled water (TW), ethanol (TE), or n-hexane (TH), to measure total polyphenol contents, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, and anti-complementary activity. The results showed that the total polyphenol content showed higher value at TE (235.24 ${\mu}g/mL$, p<0.05) than those of TW (132.65 ${\mu}g/mL$) and TH (165.44 ${\mu}g/mL$) at 10 mg/mL and TE exerted the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (61.77%, p<0.05), which occurred in the following order: TE TW (56.87%)>TH (39.78%). The results of ABTS radical scavenging activity showed that TW (34.26%) and TE (31.81%) showed similar activities, which were higher than TH (12.74%, p<0.05). Anti-complementary activity of TE (61% at 500 ${\mu}g/mL$) showed a higher activity when compared with the positive control (60% at 1,000 ${\mu}g/mL$) polysaccharide-K (PSK), a known immuno-active polysaccharide from Coriolus versicolor. Consequently, among TSEs, TE is a byproduct from trifoliate orange and could be an important source of dietary polyphenolic antioxidant compounds and immunopotentiating activity, including complement activation.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.38 no.3 s.113
• /
• pp.382-392
• /
• 2005

Data were collected in Lake Daecheong from March 1997 to October 2002 and used to understand an annual change of water environmental factors and trophic states. The surface water temperature was ranged from $3.2^{\circ}C$ to $33.1^{\circ}C$ In the middle of February, water temperature was the lowest. Turbidity was ranged from 0.1 to 203.5 NTU, but the values of above 30 NTU were only measured at site 1. The total mean values of COD and Chl a were $3.6{\pm}1.4\;mg\;O_2\;L^{-1}$, $9.3{\pm}12.8\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$respectively. The concentrations of TP and TN were ranged from 0.14 to 5.09 mg N $L^{-1}$, 1 to $247\;{\mu}g\;P\;L^{-1}$ respectively. The total mean value of TN/TP ratio was $98.7{\pm}56.2$. The trophic states were ranged from mesotrophic to eutrophic in Lake Daecheong.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
• /
• 2007.11a
• /
• pp.61-64
• /
• 2007

This study progressed fresh mortar test and hardening mortar test as a characteristic analysis of high strength mortar that is not water but replaced liquid, and the results are summarized as following. As a characteristic of fresh mortar, the flow that is following by the changes of the kind of replaced liquid decreased in order of E, M, A, K, O, L, G, and H, and it is indicated that liquid except H, the flow was better then others. The test show the bending strength of G, L, K, O at and H were more increased then plain as the replaced liquid change on the first day, and on the 28th day, G, L, and K was more increased then plain. The compressive strength of G, K, and O was similar with P(-10) at the first day. On 7th day, the test show G, and L was more increased then P(-10), and other replaced liquid were similar or decreased. On the 28th day, G, K, and A was similar with P(-10) and it is decreased in order of E, L, O, and H.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.235-241
• /
• 2009

In this study, the antioxidative effects, inhibitory effects on tyrosinase, elastase of Persicaria perfoliata extracts were investigated. The deglycosylated fraction of extract ($12.38{\mu}g$/mL) showed the most prominent free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) of P. perfoliata extracts on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The ethyl acetate fraction of extract ($0.35{\mu}g$/mL) showed the most prominent ROS scavenging activity. The protective effects of P. perfoliata extract/fractions on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The P. perfoliata extracts suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration dependent manner ($1{\sim}50{\mu}g$/mL) except the deglycosylated fraction of extract. The inhibitory effect of P. perfoliata extracts on tyrosinase was investigated to assess their whitening efficacy. Inhibitory effects ($IC_{50}$) on tyrosinase were determined with ethyl acetate fraction of P. perfoliata extract ($136.00{\mu}g$/mL) and deglycosylated fraction of extract ($68.10{\mu}g$/mL). Finally, their anti-elastase activities were measured to predict the anti-wrinkle efficacy in the human skin. Inhibitory effects ($IC_{50}$) on elastase were determined with ethyl acetate fraction of P. perfoliata extract ($67.20{\mu}g$/mL) and deglycosylated fraction of extract ($43.50{\mu}g$/mL). These results indicate that extract/fractions of P. perfoliata can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging $^1O_2$ and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. Extract/fractions of P. perfoliata can be applicable to new functional cosmetics for antioxidant, antiaging.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.82-92
• /
• 2013

This study has investigated naturally occurring radioactive materials (N.O.R.M; $^{238}U$, $^{222}Rn$) for 353 drinking groundwater wells in metamorphic rock areas in Korea. Uranium concentrations ranged from N.D (not detected) to 563.56 ${\mu}g/L$ (median value, 0.68 ${\mu}g/L$) and radon concentrations ranged from 108 to 11,612 pCi/L (median value, 1,400 pCi/L). Uranium and radon concentrations in the groundwater generally are similar to USA with similar geological setting. Uranium concentrations in 9 wells (2.6%) exceeded 30 ${\mu}g/L$, which is the maximum contaminant level (MCL) by the US environmental protection agency (EPA), radon concentrations in 46 wells (13%) exceeded 4,000 pCi/L, which is the Alternative MCL (AMCL) by the US.EPA. The log-log correlation coefficient between uranium and radon was 0.32. The correlation coefficient between uranium and pH was 0.12 and the correlation coefficient between radon and temperature was -0.01. The correlation coefficient between uranium and $HCO_3$ was 0.09 and the correlation coefficient between uranium and Ca was 0.11. The median value of uranium was high Chung-Buk (1.78 ${\mu}g/L$), Gyeong-Buk (1.37 ${\mu}g/L$), In-Cheon (1.06 ${\mu}g/L$) for each province. On the other hand, the median value of radon was high In-Cheon (2,962 pCi/L), Chung-Buk (2,339 pCi/L), Jeon-Buk (2,165 pCi/L) for each province. Jeon-Buk for log-log correlation coefficient is the highest (0.63) among provinces.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.672-678
• /
• 1994

For production of vanillic acid from vanillin, optimum culture conditions for Pseudomo- nas sp. GD-088, having vanillin-oxidizing activity were investigated. The highest vanillin-oxidizing activity was obtained when this strain was cultured at 30$\circ$C for 24 hr in a medium consisting of 3.0 g/l xylose and 0.46 g/l NH$_{4}$CI (pH 7.0). When 18 g/l of whole Pseudomonas sp. GD-088 cells as the enzyme source was used in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 3.0 g/l of vanillin, 2.463 g/l of vanillic acid was produced for 40 minutes. This amount of vanillic acid corresponds to a 90% yield, based on vanillin.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.193-195
• /
• 2006

The effects of ethanol extract from Lepidolaena clavigera (L. clavigera) on antifungal activity were investigated. The crude ethanol extract of L. clavigera inhibited the growth of the Gram positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659, (1 mm inhibition zone at 150 ${\mu}g/disc$) and the dermatophytic fungus Trichophyon mentagrophyes ATCC 28185, (2 mm inhibition zone at 150 ${\mu}g/disc$), and cytotoxic to P388 murine leukaemia cells ATCC CCL 46 P388D1, (IC50 >12,500 ${\mu}g/mL\;at\;150\;{\mu}g/disc$) and cytotoxic to BSC monkey kidney cells (@ 5 mg/mL, 150 ${\mu}g/disc$; ++: 50% activity). We suppose that this crude ethanol extract of L. clavigera is the antifungal activity.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.249-254
• /
• 2003

Experiments were carried out to select an industrial nitrogen source and optimize erythritol production by Candida magnoliae in fed-batch culture. Among the industrial nitrogen sources tested, light steep water (LSW) was found to be the best nitrogen source for producing erythritol, based on erythritol yield and raw material price. The maximum erythritol concentration obtained a 131.6 g/L, with a 52.6％ yield and 0.52 g/L-hr productivity from a 250 g/L glucose and 43.3 mL/L LSW in batch culture. Two-stage fed-batch culture was chosen to improve the volumetric productivity and the yield of erythritol. High cell density culture in cell growth stage was achieved by batch type culture containing 100 g/L glucose and 500 mL/L LSW. The cell concentration was 71.0 g/L after 23 hours of culture. Erythritol productivity was decreased by increasing glucose concentration in the production stage. But 37.3％ of the maximum erythritol yield was obtained with 185.5 g/L of erythritol and 1.66 g/L-hr of productivity when 820 g of glucose powder was directly added to a concentration of 450 g/L glucose in production stage.