• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.1 s.76
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• pp.67-80
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• 1996

Eleven fruit bodies of Ganoderma sp. were collected from eight locations throughout the forest of Kangwon province and Kyunggi province in Korea. The hosts in forest were cut trunks of Quercus dentata, Q. variabilis, Prunus peria and Alnus japonica that was newly surveyed but 5 isolates were collected at the farms of Ganoderma mushroom. Most fruit bodies were formed solitarily on the cut trunks but GS-106 isolate grown in crowds on cut trunk of Alnus japonica. Optimal temperature ranges for isolates of species studied were: G. applanatum $28^{\circ}C{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, G. lucidum $28{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, G. neo-japonicum $28^{\circ}C$, and G. tsuage $26^{\circ}C$ and all the species grew slowly at the $32^{\circ}C$. Hamada medium adjusted with pH 5.4 and 6.2 is better than other media for mycelial growth. Mycelial morphological characteristics of six species were studied: G. applanatum, G. lucidum and G. neo-japonicum produced typical type of staghoru hyphae but G. oregonens and G. valeosiacum produced staghoru hyphae with a branch of grape form. Clamp connection was observed on hypha of G. applanatum, G. lucidum, G. oregonense and G. valeosiacum except G. neo-japonicum with node type. Chlamydospore was produced by G. applanatum, G. neo-japonicum. and cuticular cells were present on hyphae of G. lucidum, G. neo-japonicum, G.oregonense and G. tsugae.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1992

Effects of buprofezin, a chitin synthesis inhibitor of insects, on mycelial growth, protoplast formation and reversion of Coriolus versicolor, Ganoderma applanatum and G. lucidum were investigated. The mycelial growth of C. versicolor, G, applanatum and G, lucidum was severely inhibited by buprofezin treatment, and the inhibition rate severely as the concentration of the buprofezin increased. Aerial mycelia and oidia formation of the mushrooms were increased by buprofezin treatment, but mycelial morphology was not changed. The rate of protoplast formation and reversion of G, applanatum was greatly increased by the treatment of the buprofezin, while that of G. lucidium was decreased. The rate of protoplast formation of C. versicolor was also increased when buprofezin was added to the medium, but the rate of protoplast reversion was not affected by the treatment, From the results obtained in this experiment, we found that the rate of protoplast. formation and reversion was increased by the treatment of the buprofezin in the mushrooms such as C, versicolor and G, applanatum, whose mycelial growth was fast on the medium, while that of G. lucidum, whose mycelial growth was relatively slow, was decreased by the treatment.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.261-271
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• 2021

In this study, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract (ME) and hot water extracts (HE) from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma applanatum were investigated. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of 2.0 mg/mL ME (94.83%) was comparable to that of butylated hydroxytoluene (96.97%), the reference standard. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of ME and HE were similar to that of BHT at 2.0 mg/mL, whereas lipid peroxidation activity of the ME and HE were significantly lower than that of BHT. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that the G. applanatum fruiting bodies contained nine phenolic compounds, which might contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The survival rate of RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with 2.0 mg/mL ME and HE were 65.23 to 68.12% at 2.0 mg/mL, thereby indicating that the extracts were slightly cytotoxic at the concentration tested. The extracts also inhibited the nitric oxide (NO)-mediated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. The study results demonstrated that the fruiting bodies of G. applanatum possessed good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which might be used to develop novel anti-inflammatory agents.

• Mycobiology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 2009

The effect of fermentation parameters and medium composition on the simultaneous mycelial growth and exo-polymer production from submerged cultures of Ganoderma applanatum was investigated in shake-flask cultures. The optimum initial pH for mycelial growth and exo-polymer production was 5.0 and 6.0, respectively. The optimum temperature was $25^{\circ}C$ and the optimum inoculum content was 3.0% (v/v). The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were glucose and corn steep powder, respectively. After 12 days fermentation under these conditions, the highest mycelial growth was 18.0 g/l and the highest exo-polymer production was 3.9 g/l.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

In order to select a suitable bioreactor type for the submerged cultivation of Ganoderma applanatum, both growth characteristics and polysaccharides production were compared among four different types of bioreactor. These include an external-loop type air-lift bioreactor (ETAB), a balloon type air bubble bioreactor (BTBB), a column type air bubble bioreactor (CTBB) and a stirrer type bioreactor (STB). The mycelial biomass produced from the reactors were in decreasing order: ETAB ($7\;g/{\ell}$) > BTBB ($6.2\;g/{\ell}$) > STB ($6\;g/{\ell}$) > CTBB ($5\;g/{\ell}$). Maximal soluble exopolysaccharides ($1\;g/{\ell}$) and endopolysaccharides (2.7%) were also obtained from ETAB. Thus, the ETAB was most suitable for submerged culture of G applanatum mycelium. Based on the results, ETAB was chosen for further detailed study. The most effective aeration rate for the mycelial growth in ETAB ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 vvm. For the maximal production, the mycelium at the initial growth stage needed low aeration rate to reduce cell damages by fluid flow. However, as the mycelia grew, the culture became viscous and thus needed higher aeration. The molecular weight of exopolysaccharides obtained from the culture grown in ETAB was higher than that from the culture grown in other bioreactors.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.1 s.88
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• pp.39-43
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• 1999

The internal transcribed spacer II regions (ITS II) of the ribosomal DNA gene repeat from Ganoderma spp. were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Sequences from 9 species including Ganoderma lucidum, G. tsugae, G. pfeifferi, G. resinaceum, G. australe-applanatum, G. oregonense, G. neo-japonicum, G. applanatum and Inonotus xeranticus as an out-group were compared. The spacer regions of them were $247{\sim}257$ nucleotides in length and contained partial sequences of 5.8S and 25S gene. The reciprocal homologies of each ITS II sequence of the species were in the range of $70{\sim}100%$ except outgroup species, I. xeranticus. According to the analysis of ITS II sequences, Ganoderma spp. constructed 5 clusters. Ganoderma lucidum isolates were to be divided into two groups. One group was consisted of isolates from South Korea. The other group comprised isolates from UK. G. lucidum isolates belonging to the group I were closely related with G. tsugae. These results suggested that G. lucidum from Korea should be G. tsugae, otherwise G. tsugae was to be synonym of G. lucidum.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.150-159
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• 2021

Anti-melanogenesis and skin anti-wrinkle effects of methanol (ME) and hot water (HE) extracts from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma applanatum were investigated in this study. The total phenolic contents of the ME and HE of the mushroom were 11.68 and 3.15 ㎍ GAEs/mg, respectively, whereas the total flavonoid contents of the ME and HE were 21.82 and 2.69 ㎍ QEs/mg, respectively. The survival rate of B16-F10 murine melanoma cells treated with 750 ㎍ ME and HE were 83.46% and 85.54%, respectively, thereby suggesting that mushroom extracts were slightly cytotoxic at the tested concentration. The in vitro tyrosinase inhibition by ME (83.15%) and HE (83.44%) was significantly lower than that of kojic acid (99.61%), the positive control, at 2.0 mg/mL. Although the inhibition of cellular melanin synthesis in B16-F10 melanoma cells by 2.0 mg/mL of ME (50.24%) and HE (51.24%) was lower than that of arbutin (64.84%), the inhibition by both ME and HE was higher than 50%. Collagenase inhibition by HE was comparable to 2.0 mg/mL epigallocatechin (EGCG), the positive control; however, elastase inhibition by ME and HE was lower than that of EGCG at the concentration tested. The results showed that the fruiting bodies of G. applanatum had good anti-tyrosinase, good anti-collagenase, and moderate anti-elastase activities, which might be useful for developing novel skin-whitening and anti-wrinkle agents.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.3650-3654
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• 2011

Two new unusual soyasaponins named 6"-O-methyldehydrosoyasaponin I(7) and desglucosylsoyasaponin $A_1$ (10) along with eight known saponins, dehydrosoyasaponin IV (1), dehydrosoyasaponin III (= impatienoside A) (2), soyasaponin III (3), dehydrosoyasaponin II (= soyasaponin Bg) (4), soyasaponin II (5), dehydrosoyasaponin I (= soyasaponin Be) (6), soyasaponin I (8), and kudzusaponin $SA_3$ (9), were isolated as their methyl esters and identified from the liquid culture of G. applanatum. Their structures were determined by chemical and spectroscopic analyses including 1D- and 2D-NMR as well as by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those of the reported in literatures. Although dehydrosoyasaponin IV was identified by LC-MS/MS method from soy protein isolate, this is the first report of the isolation of this compound. Dehydrosoyasaponin III (2) and kudzusaponin $SA_3$ (9) were also isolated for the first time from soybean. The presence of soyasaponins in Ganoderma species seems to be unusual feature. Thus, we presumed that compounds 1-10 might all be derived from the defatted soybean flour which was added to the culture medium as a nitrogen source.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.479-483
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• 2006

Eight compounds were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma applanatum, and were identified as 2-methoxyfatty acids (1), 5-dihydroergosterol (2), ergosterol peroxide (3) $3{\beta},7{\beta},20,23{\zeta}-tetrahydroxy-11,15-dioxolanosta-8-en-26-oic$ acid (4), $7{\beta},20,23{\zeta}-trihydroxy-3,11,15-trioxolanosta-8-en-26-oic$ acid (5), cerevisterol (6), $7{\beta},23{\zeta}-dihydroxy-3,11,15-trioxolanosta-8,20E(22)-dien-26-oic$ acid (7), and $7{\beta}-hydroxy-3,11,15,23-tetraoxolanosta-8,20E(22)-dien-26-oic$ acid methyl ester (8) by spectral analysis. All compounds were isolated for the first time from this fruiting bodies, and their effect on rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) activity was tested. Among these eight compounds, ergosterol peroxide (3) was found to exhibit potent RLAR inhibition, its $IC_{50}$ value being $15.4\;{\mu}g/mL$.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.245-251
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• 1994

Ten strains of 7 species from the genus Ganoderma, G. lucidum ATCC 64251, FP-103561-T, and ES70701, G. applanatum ATCC 44053 and FP-57035-T. G. lobatum ATCC 42985, G. resinaceum ATCC 52416, G. subamboinense var. laevisporum ATCC 52420, G. meredithae ATCC 64492, and G. microsporum ATCC 76024, were studied to discuss their phylogenetic relationships by utilizing restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs). Six restriction enzymes, BamHI, BglII, EcoRI, HindIII, PvuII, and XbaI which digested mtDNAs into adequate numbers of restriction fragments for cluster analysis, were used in this study. Restriction profiles of strains for each restriction enzyme were treated as analysis characters to calculate similarity coefficients, which were converted into nucleotide sequence divergence values whose mean values were then arranged in a matrix table. This table was utilized for a phylogenetic analysis using the Neighborjoining method of the PHYLIP package to construct phylogenetic tree. Three strains of G. lucidum and two strains of G. applanatum exhibited different lineages each but one of G. applanatum strains showed a close relationship with G. lobatum, which reflected the species complexity of these species whose strains were phenotypically indistinguishable but genetically distinct. The present results suggest that the natural classification of Ganoderma needs to be considered from the viewpoints of molecular biology-based systematics as well as morphological classifications and cultural identifications for better phylogenetic conclusions.