• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.1860-1870
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• 2022

Objective: The observation that temperate C₃ and tropical C₄ forage silages easily produce large amounts of ethanol or acetic acid has puzzled researchers for many years. Hence, this study aimed to assess the effects of epiphytic microbiota from C₃ forages (Italian ryegrass and oat) on fermentative products and bacterial community structure in C₄ forage (sorghum) silage. Methods: Through microbiota transplantation and γ-ray irradiation sterilization, the irradiated sorghum was treated: i) sterile distilled water (STSG); ii) epiphytic microbiota from sorghum (SGSG); iii) epiphytic microbiota from Italian ryegrass (SGIR); iv) epiphytic microbiota from oat (SGOT). Results: After 60 days, all the treated groups had high lactic acid (>63.0 g/kg dry matter [DM]) contents and low pH values (<3.70), acetic acid (<14.0 g/kg DM) and ammonia nitrogen (<80.0 g/kg total nitrogen) contents. Notably, SGIR (59.8 g/kg DM) and SGOT (77.6 g/kg DM) had significantly (p<0.05) higher ethanol concentrations than SGSG (14.2 g/kg DM) on day 60. After 60 days, Lactobacillus were predominant genus in three treated groups. Higher proportions of Chishuiella (12.9%) and Chryseobacterium (7.33%) were first found in silages. The ethanol contents had a positive correlation (p<0.05) with the abundances of Chishuiella, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Chryseobacterium, and Sphingobacterium. Conclusion: The epiphytic bacteria on raw materials played important roles in influencing the silage fermentation products between temperate C₃ and tropical C₄ forages. The quantity and activity of hetero-fermentative Lactobacillus, Chishuiella, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Chryseobacterium, and Sphingobacterium may be the key factors for the higher ethanol contents and DM loss in silages.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.338-342
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• 2015

There has been known C3G (Cyanidin-3-Glucoside), D3G (Delphinidin-3-Glucoside), and Pt3G (Petunidin-3-Glucoside) were main anthocyanin pigments in black-seeded soybean. Anthocyanin contents of total 1,032 black-seeded soybean germplasms were analyzed by HPLC. Average of total anthocyanin content was 11.67 mg/g on the all materials ranged from 0.54 to 23.45 mg/g. Mean value of C3G, D3G, and Pt3G contents in all black-seeded soybeans were 8.81, 1.78 and 0.79 mg/g, respectively. Environmental conditions influenced anthocyanin contents during seed development. Delayed flowering, especially of later maturing germplasms, has been showed to result in increased anthocyanin content. So, prolonged maturation period germplasm is generally higher than that of shorten genotypes. It may be concluded that the higher levels of anthocyanin content was associated with the late dates of harvest maturity. Also larger seeds showed high anthocyanin contents than smaller. That inclination is similar in C3G's occasion because C3G content contribute highly to total anthocyanin content than other pigments.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2008

Light transmittance of PO-2 film was 71.2% higher than any other films, because of low amount of pending water and attaching dust on film surface. On dawn, the air temperature of tunnel were higher than that of outdoors as much as between 11.8 and $14.5^{\circ}C$ on Feb. 19 to 20, 2007. The air temperature in the greenhouse covered with PO-2 film was higher than any other films as much as $2.3^{\circ}C$. Analyzing of folate in oriental melon, the folate contents of fruit were between 68.9 and $113.4\;{\mu}g/100\;g$ according to varieties. In winter, the folate contents in the treatment of PO-2 film was higher than that in the treatment of PE film as much as 17%. Above $15^{\circ}C$ in outdoors mean air temperature, the folate contents were as much as between 55.2 and $75.2\;{\mu}g/100\;g$. The folate contents in the treatment of PO-2 film was higher than that in the treatment of PE film as much as 36%.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 1994

This study was intended to observe the effect of cooked glutinous rice flour and soused shrimp on the fermentation of Kimchi samples were fermented for 11 days at 10$^{\circ}C$ after they were previously fermented for 6 hours at 20$^{\circ}C$. Changes of pH, total acidity, salt content, reducing sugar content, free amino acid content, total vitamin C content, and ascorbic acid content were measured. The results were as follows; 1. Soused shrimp and glutinous rice flour added in Kimchi acted as lactobacilli growth enhancer during fermentation. 2. Initial cincentrations of redng sugars in Kimch samples with no soused shrimp, 5% and 10% sosed shrimp were 7.5~8.3 mg/g, 3.0~4.7 mg/g and 0.5~0.6 mg/g respectively. Kinchi samples with glutinous rice flour showed higher reducing sugar contents than Kimchi samples without it. 3. Free amino acid contents in Kimchi samples gradually decreased during fermentation at 10$^{\circ}C$. According to their soused shrimp concentration, contents of free amino acid of Kimchi samples were significantly different. And Kimchi samples with glutinous rice flour showed lower free amino acid contents than Kimchi samples without it. 4. Total vitamin C contentrations of Kimchi samples were 24.5~28.0 mg% at the initial stage of fermentation and 15.0~19.2 mg% at the final stage of fermentation. During the fermentation of Kimchi, the higher soused shrimp concentration, the less total vitamin C contents were remained. 5. During the fermentation, ascorbic acid contents of Kimchi samples were not affected by soused shrimp and glutinous rice flour.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.771-786
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• 2021

This study was performed to investigate the contents of fat-soluble nutrients (tocopherols, retinol, carotenoids, fatty acids, and cholesterol) and phospholipids (PLs) in seven types (imported SPA, SPS, SFS, and SSI; and domestic MLM, MPM, and NIX) of commercial infant formulas (IFs). The contents of tocopherol and retinol activity equivalent (RAE) in the seven IFs were 1.42 - 3.86 mg α-TE·100 kcal^-1 and 64.90 - 144.95 ㎍ RAE·100 kcal^-1, respectively. The imported IFs contained high contents of lutein + zeaxanthin (29.68 - 32.49 ㎍·100 g^-1) and lycopene (71.80 - 93.28 ㎍·100 g^-1), while the domestic IFs did not contain lycopene. The contents of linoleic acid (C18:2) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3) in the seven IFs were also within the recommended ranges (C18:2, 300 - 1,400 mg·100 kcal^-1 and C18:3, over 50 mg·100 kcal^-1) of Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The ratio of arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) was 2.42 - 2.74 in the imported IFs and 0.96 - 1.08 in the domestic IFs. However, the DHA content of the domestic IFs (0.37 - 0.65 g·100 g^-1 fat%) was much higher than that of the imported IFs (0.16 - 0.18%). Total PL contents were 108.02 - 135.93 mg·100 kcal^-1 for the domestic IFs and 6.05 - 66.70 mg·100 kcal^-1 for the imported IFs. The main PLs of the domestic IFs were phosphatidyl choline (48.5 - 71.1% of total PLs), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (12.8 - 23.1%), phosphatidyl serine (7.0 - 11.6%), and sphingomyelin (4.3 - 21.5%).

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2007

Trans fatty acid components separated and quantified using a SP-2560 capillary column in a gas chromatograph (GC) with flame ionization detector (FID). Trans fatty acid and total fatty acid contents were measured in 21 corn oils. Ranges of values for trans fatty acid (tFAs) contents of total fat (as g/100g fatty acids) were com oils $0.65{\pm}0.31$. Corn oils were heated at $175{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ for 5mins $(0{\sim}15\;times)$. The contents of tFAs (g/100) were increased from 0.292 (0 time) to 2.585 (15 times) in com oil. When frying oils (15 times) were incubated at $20{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ for 150 days, the contents of tFAs (g/100g) were increased from 2.585 to 3.683 in com oil. The amounts of tFAs (g) per serving size of frying oils (15 times) were increased from 0.01 to 0.18 in corn oil. The levels of the 18:1 trans isomers increased significantly the time of reusing of com oil.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2012

The biochemical composition of muscle from three deep-sea animals, Tanaka's eelpout Lycodes tanakae magistrate armhook squid Berryteuthis magister, and ocean sunfish Mola mola caught in the East sea in South Korea was determined. The moisture (81.4-93.8 g/100 g), crude protein (5.0-15.6 g/100 g), crude lipid (0.1-1.5 g/100 g), and ash (1.0-1.1 g/100 g) contents of the two fishes were analyzed. The proximate composition of magistrate armhook squid was: moisture 84.0 g/100 g, crude protein 12.4 g/100 g, crude lipid 0.7 g/100 g, and ash 1.5 g/100 g. There was little difference in the proximate compositions of the three animals. The total amino acid contents of Tanaka's eelpout, magistrate armhook squid, and ocean sunfish were 14.64, 10.75, 3.10-9.95 g/100 g, respectively. High levels of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, leucine, and arginine were found, while low levels of histidine, glycine, and cysteine were detected in the animals. A survey of the free amino acid contents of the animals revealed large amounts of alanine and glycine. Significant differences were found in the fatty acid composition among the three species. Specially, different saturated fatty acids (17.14-40.49%) such as C16:0, and C18:0, monounsaturated fatty acids (19.19-46.88%) such as C16:1, and C18:1, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (35.41-57.08%) such as EPA, and DHA was identified. Our results suggest that each of these deep sea animals possesses nutritional value and should be considered as a foodstuff.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.spc1
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• pp.1-3
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• 2005

It has been reported that Cyanidin 3-Glu-coside (C3G) of the black pigmented rice was as the high anti-oxidency and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, the analysis of C3G by HPLC is needed long pre-treated steps, so development of methods with simple pre-treated steps is needed in order to breed vices with high C3G contents. The analysis of components using near infrared reflectance (NIR) was well known as non pre-treated and nondestructive. C3G contents of Bengjinjubyeo$\times$Suwon425 $F_{10}$ 385 lines were used in order to develop C3G content prediction model in pigmented rice using FT-NIR. The results of C3G content of FT-NIR compared with HPLC were showed that the equation was f(x)=0.9427x+34.0430, $R^2$, standard error of calibration was 0.943, 0.116 and those of validation was 0.928, 0.122, respectively. This prediction model will be able to be used for analyzing C3G contents in black pigmented rice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 2005

In this work, we studied the effects of the moisture contents of cut tobacco on loose end of cigarettes. The loose end of the cigarette groups decreased with the increase of moisture contents of the cut tobacco and especially the loose end of A and C groups decreased to $31\%\;and\;52\%$ with the increase of $1\%$ moisture contents. $A-13.5\%\;and\;B-14.0\%\;and\; C-14.0\%$ moisture samples showed the increase of the weight ratio of cut tobacco over 1.4mm cut length but the decrease under 1.4mm cut length. We concluded that the main reasons were regarded to reduction of small fragment tobaccos caused by increase of moisture contents and exception of air-suction transport of tobaccos to cigarette making machine. In spite of the moisture increase of cut tobaccos under fixed EPD(encapsulated pressure drop), the hardness of Band C sample groups were maintained constantly except A group. This result means that under fixed EPD, the weight of cut tobacco in cigarette rods increases to compensate the reduction of pressure drop by moisture increase of cut tobaccos.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.73-86
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• 1988

In order to determine the content levels of trace metals in common salts, 64 bay salt samples were collected from three producing districts and 33 bay salt samples, 32 remade salt samples and 5 fine salt samples were collected from 7 major cities in Korea, from August to September 1987. These were analysed for content levels of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Mn using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results were as follows: 1. Lead contents in three type salts were N.D. - 1081.9 $\mu$g/kg and fourteen percent of the 114 samples exceeded the World Health Organization(WHO) criteria of 100$\mu$g/kg. Cadmium contents of samples were N.D.- 382C.5 $\mu$g/kg and five percent of the 114 samples were over the Spanish criteria of 500 $\mu$g/kg. Copper contents of samples were 8,9-214.9 $\mu$g/kg and there was not a sample over the World Health Organization(WHO) criteria of 500 $\mu$g/kg. Zinc contents ranged N.D. - 342.9 $\mu$g/kg and Manganese contents ranged N.D.- 8.31 mg/kg. 2. The comparison of heavy metal contents among the bay salts from three producing districts was significantly different in Pb, Cd and Cu contents. 3. The comparison of heavy metal contents between the bay salts and remade salts was not significantly different in Pb, Cd and Cu contents. 4. The contents of Pb, Cd, Zn and Mn in fine salts were much lower than those of bay salts and remade salts.