• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.9
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• pp.1475-1481
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to determine the potential toxicity of gamma-irradiated Dakgalbi keeping in mind its future use as a space food. Dakgalbi was irradiated at a dose of 30 kGy at $-20^{\circ}C$. AIN-93G was used as a control diet in the animal study. Both irradiated and non-irradiated Dakgalbi diets were administered to two groups of ICR mice (ten male and ten female mice per group) for 3 months. During the experimental period, we observed that the mice fed the 30 kGy-irradiated Dakgalbi did not show any changes in appearance, behavior, mortality, body weight, organ weight, or food consumption compared to the control mice group. In addition, all biochemical parameters of these mice, including hematology profiles, erythrocyte counts, and serum biochemical values, remained in the normal range. The histopathological examinations of liver and kidney tissues showed no significant differences between the control group and the group fed the 30 kGy-irradiated Dakgalbi. These results indicate that Dakgalbi irradiated at 30 kGy did not cause any toxic effects in mice and therefore it can be considered as safe and hygienic space food.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2015

Background: To prepare for possible emergency situations during dental treatment, it is helpful to know how often and what kinds of emergencies may arise. This study set out to evaluate the incidences, causes, treatments, and outcomes of emergency situations in the outpatient clinic of a dental teaching hospital in Korea. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who had experienced an emergency situation and emergency response team activated in a selected outpatient clinic between November 2004 and November 2013. Specific information about the emergency cases was collected, including the patient characteristics and the frequency, types, treatments, and outcomes of the emergency situations. Results: We identified 35 instances of emergency situations in 2,890,424 patients (incidence = 0.012 per 10,000 outpatients). The number of cases was as follows: 10 (28.6%) in the Department of Periodontics, 10 (28.6%) in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 6 (17.1%) in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, 4 (11.4%) in the Department of Prosthodontics, 2 (5.7%) in the Department of Conservative Dentistry, 2 (5.7%) in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, and 1 (2.9%) in the Department of Orthodontics. Three (8.6%) of the emergency situations arose before treatment, 22 (62.9%) during treatment, 7 (20.0%) after treatment, and 2 (5.7%) in a patient's guardian. Conclusions: In accordance with the growing elderly population and more aggressive dental procedures, the number of emergency situations may increase in the future. We recommend that clinicians keep in mind airway management and the active control of emergency situations.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.81-90
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• 2004

The reason of the appearance of Internet is regarded as a milestone since we have shared information globally in a mutual way. The important thing on this point is what contents we choose for ourselves. The Internet could be meaningless unless we use it in a certain way, which ultimately means that the Internet has to deliver something valuable to us humans. Therefore, we have looked at how we can deliver and share humanity and emotion through the Internet, also how we can instill vital power into our real life, through the Internet. Fortunately, the current study must essentially be ongoing due to its nature with perhaps a multidisciplinary team brainstorming ideas. The reason for that is that not only could we find new business models for companies, but also find out new ways to appease the human mind in the modern age. In addition, as consumers needs become more specialized and diversified, companies are expected to face up to fierce competition with the help of innovative ideas. The ever-intensifying competition requires companies to cultivate new strategic tools in order to have new, powerful and sustainable comparative advantages. The goal of this research will be to explore ways of finding a new approach. Specifically, this research is about how to use the EVC(empathetic virtual character), which, this researcher believes, can deliver emotional benefits so as to make e-branding successful. According to reports, it has been proven that this new concept including the EVC can result in tremendous success. So the goal of this research is to explore the current situation and to anticipate the future concerning virtual characters.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2017

In Korea, playgrounds have been developed quantitatively and qualitatively. However, there is a lack of interest in the play needs of children with disabilities. With this in mind, this study is concerned about the planning and design process of the inclusive playground constructed in 2016 at Seoul Children's Grand Park. The case study covered the Kkumtle Kkumtle playground in Seoul Children's Grand Park and was completed in December 2015. This playground is the first case of an inclusive playground ever built in Korea. The concept of the inclusive playground established in this study is: (1) a playground where not only children with disabilities but both children with disabilities and children without disabilities can play together; (2) a playground for both children with disabilities accompanied by their families and children without disabilities accompanied by family members with disabilities; (3) a playground that ensures universal accessibility to the entire space including play facilities; and (4) a playground where the most essential functions of a playground-fun, curiosity, and adventure-are centered on various activities. In conclusion, we presented limitations and opinions for improvements to design and policy proposals for social expansion of inclusive playgrounds. There are three ways to overcome limitations in design. First, there is a need for an in-depth study of play characteristics by type of disabilities of children. Second, it is necessary to develop facilities suitable for the actual situation of Korea through various social experiments. Third, if the inclusive playground centered on facilities is presented in this study, then several types of integrated playgrounds should be implemented in the future.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1-24
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• 2007

With the development of information technology (IT), various information systems (IS) such as Web-based systems and mobile systems have appeared utilizing different technologies. However, recent studies on IS use and user satisfaction rarely account for technological differences among IS and environmental characteristics where IS are intended to be used. The purpose of this research is to investigate the determinants of the use of Web-based ticketing systems for cultural activities and to empirically validate their relationships. Environmental psychology suggests that human beings respond to external stimuli from environments with their emotions, and their emotional states influence human actions, e.g., IS use in this research. Applying environmental psychology to the use of Web-based systems in the culture and entertainment industry, we propose that web site characteristics first influence a user's internal state of mind (i.e., flow) and then the flow state influences the IS use. Studies related to the state of flow collectively affirm the key role played by the flow construct in shaping individual attitudes and behaviors toward IS. Users' flow states are captured by their shopping enjoyment, perceived behavioral control, and the level of concentration on the IS use. Referring to social presence theory, we have included such web site characteristics as content quality, context of web site, and community quality. In our research model, a second order construct is utilized to represent web site quality, because flow theory suggests that holistic experiences with web-based systems (rather than individual characteristics of the web site) are important in explaining the IS use. Further, we have included trust as another important factor influencing the IS use since business transactions on the web encompass higher uncertainty comparing to offline transactions. In order to test our hypotheses, we have conducted an online survey which results in 1,141 valid responses in the final sample. The data were collected from respondents who have experiences in Internet ticketing systems. Although it was a convenient sample, the sample represents a wide variety of user demographics. Validity and reliability of the research instrument were tested and research hypotheses were examined using PLS Graph 3.0. The results indicate that web site characteristics significantly influence the level of user concentration, user's enjoyment in shopping, and perceived behavioral control. Further, the use of Internet ticketing systems is influenced by users' flow states and trust in the web channel. User satisfaction is turned out to be affected by the use of Internet ticketing systems. Unlike extant research on the relationship between web site characteristics and its use, our study has found that, in the culture and entertainment industry, the impact of web site characteristics on IS use is mediated by a user's flow state. This finding has a practical implication that web site design should include as many features that enhance shopping enjoyment and concentration. Other practical implications of these findings and future research implications are also discussed.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.27-36
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• 2009

In the performance of this research we aimed at surveying·studying the trouble factors, problems and improvement plans to extend agricultural products and agro-food and providing basic data for the globalization of Korean agricultural products and agricultural foods in future. All the respondents highly recognized, in general, the problems in exporting agricultural products and agro-food, and it was surveyed that the biggest reason lay in the insufficiency of the scout for new buyers and the lack in opening overseas market and marketing specialists. As for the problems of the supporting system of the export of agricultural products, it was pointed out that the level of recognition was fairly high, but the procedures were difficult, and they indicated the problems of non-benefits in spite of the recognition of the selection. For the purpose, it could be known that it required the publicity and education as to export supporting system, and also required the extension of export supporting system and the improvement of the system. Finally, in relation with the export promotion plan, the factors blocking the export promotion of agricultural products marked the highest in the weak management size and production foundation and the lack in export mind and special workforce. Therefore, considering that most of exporters of agricultural products are small/medium sized businesses, we foresaw that we lack in the opening of overseas market and the capacity of marketing activities, and analyzed that it was necessary to open an overseas market in the dimension of the government and cooperate with the marketing to solve the problems.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.14-14
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• 2011

Groundwater in the Waikatoregion is a valuable resource for agriculture, water supply, forestry and industries. The 434,000 ha study area comprises the upper Waikato River catchment from the outflow of Lake Taupo (New Zealand's largest lake) through to Lake Karapiro (a man-made hydro lake with high recreational value) (Figure 1). Water quality in the area is naturally high. However, there are indications that this quality is deteriorating as a result of land use intensification and deforestation. Compounding this concern for decision makers is the lag time between land use changes and the realisation of effects on groundwater and surface water quality. It is expected that the effects of land use changes have not yet fully manifested, and additional intensification may take decadesto fully develop, further compounding the deterioration. Consequently, Environment Waikato (EW) have proposed a programme of work to develop a groundwater model to assist managing water quality and appropriate policy development within the catchment. One of the most important and critical decisions of any modelling exercise is the choice of the modelling platform to be used. It must not inhibit future decision making and scenario exploration and needs to allow as accurate representation of reality as feasible. With this in mind, EW requested that two modelling platforms, MODFLOW/MT3DMS and FEFLOW, be assessed for their ability to deliver the long-term modelling objectives for this project. The two platforms were compared alongside various selection criteria including complexity of model set-up and development, computational burden, ease and accuracy of representing surface water-groundwater interactions, precision in predictive scenarios and ease with which the model input and output files could be interrogated. This latter criteria is essential for the thorough assessment of predictive uncertainty with third-party software, such as PEST. This paper will focus on the attributes of each modelling platform and the comparison of the two approaches against the key criteria in the selection process. Primarily due to the ease of handling and developing input files and interrogating output files, MODFLOW/MT3DMS was selected as the preferred platform. Other advantages and disadvantages of the two modelling platforms were somewhat balanced. A preliminary regional groundwater numerical model of the study area was subsequently constructed. The model simulates steady state groundwater and surface water flows using MODFLOW and transient contaminant transport with MT3DMS, focussing on nitrate nitrogen (as a conservative solute). Geological information for this project was provided by GNS Science. Professional peer review was completed by Dr. Vince Bidwell (of Lincoln Environmental).

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.29
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• pp.113-131
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• 2012

In our days, we live in the world of image and imagination. Now we think that the images and imaginations are no more selective but indispensable elements in our life. The status of imagination is dramatically changed since 20 century. Many philosophers like G. Bachelard, G. Durand, Paul Ricoeur, H. Corbin, G. Deleuze made great contributions and we think that the studies of imagination began since 20 century. But the change of the status of imagination was not made in one day. In the long history of human life, the imagination kept his own value, and never stopped to give his influence to the human mentalities. The concept of imagination was born from the Plato's notion of phantasia. Plato thinks that the phantasia is a kind of drawing capacity in mind in the process of recognition. But the image which phantasia makes is not real one but pseudo one. So it is necessary to banish those false images from our recognition. Aristotle thought phantasia as an afterimage of object of sense. The sense is always true, but the phantasia is very possible to be an error. After Plato and Aristotle, the notion of phantasia developed into that of imagination, but it was always a problem full of contradictions. According to G. Durand, we can say, in some sense, the history of western philosophy is a kind of struggle against the image and imagination. In Middle Age, the iconoclasm tried to exclude image from their religion. Thomas Aquinas tried to explain the image by the rationalistic christianisme. In 16-17C Galilei and Descartes solidified the exclusion of imagination from the philosophy in the name of science and reason. The empiricism and positivism was the final and the most conclusive philosophies which exclude the imagination definitively from the field of philosophy. But the imagination continued his influence in the field of art. In the age of Renaissance, the imagination found his way of liberal expression, and this trend was inherited to Baroque. From the middle of 17c many philosophical theories supported the imagination by many philosophers like J.-B. Dubos, Baumgarten, A. Becq, J.-J. Rousseau etc. The Romanticism was the first significant wave which made the imagination come forward in front the art. The romanticism broke the narrow frame of rationalism and expand human's view of the world to the cosmos. From the romanticism, the imagination became a faculty which expresses the unity of human and nature. That was impossible by the rational thinking of rationalism. The concept of new imagination made a new future of human, 'the imagining conscious' and this imagining conscious provided a solid base of next generation's symbolism and surrealism.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.227-227
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• 2015

The Wairarapa Valley occupies a predominantly rural area in the lower North Island of New Zealand. It supports a mix of intensive farming (dairy), dry stock farming (sheep and beef cattle) and horticulture (including wine grapes). The valley floor is traversed by the Ruamahanga River, the largest river in the Wellington region with a total catchment area of 3,430 km2. Environmental, cultural and recreational values associated with this Ruamahanga River are very high. The alluvial gravel and sand aquifers of the Wairarapa Valley, support productive groundwater aquifers at depths of up to 100 metres below ground while the Ruamahanga River and its tributaries present a further source of water for users. Water is allocated to users via resource consents by Greater Wellington Regional Council (GWRC). With intensifying land use, demand from the surface and groundwater resources of the Wairarapa Valley has increased substantially in recent times and careful management is needed to ensure values are maintained. This paper describes the approach being taken to manage water resources in the Wairarapa Valley and redefine appropriate limits of sustainable water use. There are three key parts: Quantifying the groundwater resource. A FEFLOW numerical groundwater flow model was developed by GWRC. This modelling phase provided a much improved understanding of aquifer recharge and abstraction processes. It also began to reveal the extent of hydraulic connection between aquifer and river systems and the importance of moving towards an integrated (conjunctive) approach to allocating water. Development of a conjunctive management framework. The FEFLOW model was used to quantify the stream flow depletion impacts of a range of groundwater abstraction scenarios. From this, three abstraction categories (A, B and C) that describe diminishing degrees of hydraulic connection between ground and surface water resources were mapped in 3 dimensions across the Valley. Interim allocation limits have been defined for each of 17 discrete management units within the valley based on both local scale aquifer recharge and stream flow depletion criteria but also cumulative impacts at the valley-wide scale. These allocation limits are to be further refined into agreed final limits through a community-led decision making process. Community involvement in the limit setting process. Historically in New Zealand, limits for sustainable resource use have been established primarily on the basis of 'hard science' and the decision making process has been driven by regional councils. Community involvement in limit setting processes has been through consultation rather than active participation. Recent legislation in the form of a National Policy Statement on Freshwater Management (2011) is reforming this approach. In particular, collaborative consensus-based decision making with active engagement from stakeholders is now expected. With this in mind, a committee of Wairarapa local people with a wide range of backgrounds was established in 2014. The role of this committee is to make final recommendations about resource use limits (including allocation of water) that reflect the aspirations of the communities they represent. To assist the committee in taking a holistic view it is intended that the existing numerical groundwater flow models will be coupled with with surface flow, contaminant transport, biological and economic models. This will provide the basis for assessing the likely outcomes of a range of future land use and resource limit scenarios.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.65
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• pp.163-187
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to find the implications of Christian education on the relationship between the formation of faith and digital literacy in the Korean society, which is rapidly changing within the fourth Industrial Revolution today through critical conversations on educational contexts. Over the past decade, Korean society has lived in an era of rapid and radical change more than any other time through a new way of life called the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The Korean church is also facing the reality that it must fulfill its urgent mission to deliver the unchanging truth in an ever-changing era. With this in mind, this study (1) identifies digital literacy as an essential competency requested in the era of the fourth industrial revolution by examining the relationship with congregation's life as well as its definition and contents, (2) discovers educational rationale for the relationship between faith formation and digital literacy by applying educational context of Christian education with attention to the educational efficiency of digital literacy, and (3) finds educational implications of digital literacy by re-conceptualizing the contents, context, role of teachers and students, and evaluation in the context of Christian education. I hope that this study will help Christian education serve for the spread of the Gospel of Christ and the realization of the kingdom of God on this earth through digital media in the future more time-responsively and mission-practically.