• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.295-303
• /
• 2008

목적: 혀의 해부학적 위치에 따른 촉각식별능의 차이를 조사하고 이것과 심상유두의 개수 사이에 관련성이 있는지의 여부를 확인하기 위해서 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: 현재 복용 중인 약물이 없고, 과거 장기간 약물을 복용한 경험이 없었으며, 전신질환이 없는 건강한 남녀 13명(평균 연령 $30{\pm}3$세)을 대상으로 혀의 수초성 $A{\delta}$ 섬유와 무수초성 C 섬유와 관련한 촉각식별능을 알아보기 위해서 Castroviezo $caliper^{(R)}$를 이용한 두점식별검사를 실시하였다. 심상유두의 개수는 methylene blue로 혀를 염색해서 심상유두를 확인하여 개수를 세었다. 결과: 1. 혀의 전방부와 후측방부위의 심상유두개수를 세어 본 결과, 남자는 전방과 후측방이 각각$51.69{\pm}14.15$개, $12.92{\pm}6.13$개였으며, 여자는 $58.85{\pm}13.56$개, $16.23{\pm}6.38$개였다. 남녀 모두 후측방에 비해 전방부에서 유두의 개수가 3배 이상 많은 것을 관찰할 수가 있다. 2. 두 점으로 식별해내는 최소한의 거리는 전방에서 평균 $1.91{\pm}0.74mm$였으며, 성별에 따라 나눠 다시 분류했을 때, 남자의 인식 역치가 높은 것으로 관찰되었으나, 성별에 따른 통계적 유의성은 나타나지 않았다. 3. 두점식별거리를 기준으로 네 개의 그룹으로 나누었을 때, 거리가 증가할수록 심상유두의 개수가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나, 두점인지역치와 심상유두의 개수 간에 통계적 유의성은 없었다.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.255-264
• /
• 1996

This studies were carried out to identify the characteristics of the tongue of Korean native goat(Capra hircus) by macroscopy, microscopy and scanning microscopy. Korean native goat had torus linguae, median lingual sulcus, lingual fossa and ventral median fissure but did not have glossoepiglottic fold and terminal sulcus in the tongue. The whole length of tongue was $11.51{\pm}0.76cm$. The length of tongue apex, tongue body, tongue root and the torus linguae were $2.62{\pm}0.28$, $7.39{\pm}0.27$, $1.56{\pm}0.26$ and $6.37{\pm}0.29cm$, respectively. The width of tongue apex, torus linguae and tongue root were $3.41{\pm}0.24$, $3.74{\pm}0.29$ and $3.68{\pm}0.11$, respectively. The thickness of tongue apex was $1.60{\pm}0.10$, and the height of torus linguae was $1.52{\pm}0.15cm$. Filiform papillae were present at the tongue apex and the tongue body rostral to torus linguae. Fungiform papillae were scattered from tongue apex to rostral portion of torus linguae, being in abundance at the tongue apex. Vallate papillae were showed at the lateral portion of torus linguae, while lentiform papillae were present at its central portion. Conical papillae were located between vallate and lentiform papillae. The numbers of filiform, fungiform, conical, vallate and lentiform papillae were $46,980{\pm}1070.98$, $446.8{\pm}36.97$, $818.4{\pm}43.99$, $34.8{\pm}2.77$, and $255.6{\pm}39.30$, respectively. The average numbers of taste bud were $8.3{\pm}2.04$ in a fungiform papilla and $247.3{\pm}37.44$ in a vallate papilla. The filiform papilla had secondary and tertiary papillae. The height of filiform papilla was about $150{\mu}m$ and the diameter was $100{\mu}m$. The diameters of fungiform papillae were 350 to $550{\mu}m$. The long and short diameters of maximum-sized lentiform papilla were 4000 and $3000{\mu}m$, respectively, while those of minimum-sized papilla were 700 and $600{\mu}m$, respectively. The height of conical papillae was 450 to $600{\mu}m$ and diameter was 250 to $450{\mu}m$. The vallate papilla was round or oval in shape and its diameter was 500 to $850{\mu}m$. It had well-developed papillary groove around itself. The modified conical papillae were not observed in the tongue of Korean native goat.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• 제41권1호
• /
• pp.25-32
• /
• 2016

The tongue has 4 kinds of papillae, which are filiform, fungiform (FU), foliate (FO) and circumvallate papilla (CV). Tongue papillae except filiform papilla include taste buds. The papillae differ in taste sensitivities, likely due to differential expression of taste receptors. In this study, we evaluated differences in the expression levels of taste receptors in FU, FO and CV. Male DBA2 mice, 42-60 days old, were used in the study. Messenger RNAs were extracted from the murine epithelial tissues including FU, FO and CV. Cloned DNAs were synthesized by reverse transcription. Quantitative PCRs (qPCRs) were performed to determine mRNA expression levels of taste receptors. Results of qPCR revealed that the relative expression levels and patterns were different among FU, FO and CV. All three type 1 taste receptors were expressed FU, FO and CV at varying relative expression levels. All 35 kinds of type 2 taste receptors showed higher expression in FO and CV than in FU. Tas2r108 and Tas2r137 showed the two highest expression levels in all tested papillae. The differential expression levels and patterns of taste receptors among the three papillae could contribute to the different physiological sensitivities by tongue areas. Additional studies such as in situ hybridization or taste receptor cell activity recording is necessary to elucidate the functional relationship between expression levels of taste receptors and taste sensitivity.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• 제31권6호
• /
• pp.515-525
• /
• 2005

Purpose of study: Lingual nerve damage can be caused by surgery or trauma such as physical irriatation, radiation, chemotherapy, infection and viral infection. Once nerve damage occurred, patients sometimes complain taste change and loss of taste along with serious disturbance of tongue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of unilateral lingual nerve transection on taste as well as on the maintenance of taste buds. Materials & Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-250g received unilateral transection of lingual nerve, subjected to the preference test for various taste solutions (0.1M NaCl, 0.1M sucrose, 0.01M QHCl, or 0.01M HCl) with two bottle test paradigm at 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks after the operation. Tongue was fixed with 8% paraformaldehyde. After fixation, they were observed with scanning electron microscope(JSM-$840A^{(R)}$, JEOL, JAPAN) and counted the number of the dorsal surface of the fungiform papilla for changes of fungiform papilla. And, Fungiform papilla were obtained from coronal sections of the anterior tongue(cryosection). After cryosection, immunostaining with $G{\alpha}gust$(I-20)(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA), $PLC{\beta}2$(Q-15)(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA), and $T_1R_1$(Alpha Diagnostic International, USA) were done. Immunofluorescence of labeled taste bud cells was examined by confocal microscopy(F92-$300^{(R)}$, Olympus, JAPAN). Results: The preference score for salty and sweet tended to be higher in the operated rats with statistical significance, compared to the sham rats. Fungiform papilla counting were decreased after lingual nerve transaction. In 2 weeks, maximum differences occurred. Gustducin and $T_1R_1$ expressions of taste receptor in 2 and 4 weeks were decreased. $PLC{\beta}2$ were not expressed in both experimental and control group. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the taste recognition for sweet and salty taste changed by week 2 and 4 after unilateral lingual nerve transection. However, regeneration related taste was occurred in the presence of preserving mesoneurial tissue and the time was 6 weeks. Our results demonstrated that unilateral lingual nerve damage caused morphological and numerical change of fungiform papilla. It should be noted in our study that lingual nerve transection resulted in not only morphological and numerical change but also functional change of fungiform papillae.

• 대한치과의사협회지
• /
• 제22권12호통권187호
• /
• pp.1083-1089
• /
• 1984

As a study to elucidate whether taste buds contain specific proteins, rat dorsal lingual epithelium was analysed by electrophoresis. The epithelium of the vallate papilla (with numerous taste buds), the area of the fungiform papilla 9with a few taste buds), and the area between vallate papilla and large filiform papilla (not containing taste buds) were strippled off by treatment with 0.7% EDTA. The epithelial protein was extracted by 1% SDS and 1% Mercaptoethanol in 0.01M phosphate buffer (pH7.2). Extracts were analysed by disc SDS-PAGE. Because the patterns of protein composition from each site were similar with each other as a whole, it is concluded that taste buds do not contain specific protein detected by SDS-PAGE in adult rat. But a protein on M.W. 49000 which lies in the area of molecular weight of keratin molecules was found only in the epithelium containing taste buds. This results suggested that the epithelium containing taste buds differentiate dissimilarly to the epithelium not containing taste buds.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.267-276
• /
• 2009

주사전자현미경을 이용하여 한국산 긴가락박쥐(Miniopterus schreibersi fuliginosus)와 검은집박쥐(Pipistrellus savii)의 혀유두의 형태를 관찰하였다. 본 연구에서 두 종 모두 세 가지의 혀유두, 즉, 실유두, 버섯유두 그리고 성곽유두가 관찰되었다. 실유두는 다시 두 종류로 세분화되어졌으며, 침상의 돌기물을 갖는 유형1은 혀의 전반부의 1/2 지점까지 분포하며, 유형2는 밋밋하고 두꺼운 돌기물을 갖고 있으며 혀의 후반부의 1/2에 분포한다. 두 종 모두 35~45개의 버섯유두가 혀의 표면에서 관찰된다. 이들 버섯유두는 혀의 측면과 혀의 전반과 후반부의 끝 쪽에서 나타난다. 두 종의 버섯유두는 각각 두 개 혹은 세 개의 매우 큰 유두로 혀의 후반부 중앙에 일직선으로 배열되어 있다. 두 개의 성곽유두는 혀의 후반부 끝쪽 가까이에 분포하고 있다. 이들 성곽유두는 크고 둥글며 각각은 두 층의 pad를 갖고 있다. 긴가락박쥐와 검은집박쥐의 혀유두의 전체적인 형태는 다른 익수류와 유사하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 두 종 사이에 드물지만 주목할 만한 차이점이 실유두와 버섯유두에서 나타났다. 검은집박쥐와는 달리 긴가락박쥐의 유형2의 실유두는 두 개 혹은 세 개의 돌기를 가지고 있었다. 혀의 후반부 중앙에 위치하고 있는 큰 버섯유두의 경우, 긴가락박쥐에서는 3개, 검은집박쥐에서는 단지 2개만 관찰되었다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• 제28권5호
• /
• pp.375-395
• /
• 2006

Purpose: Lingual nerve (LN) damage may be caused by either tumor resection or injury such as wisdom tooth extraction, Although autologous nerve graft is sometimes used to repair the damaged nerve, it has the disadvantage of necessity of another operation for nerve harvesting. Moreover, the results of nerve grafting is not satisfactory. The nerve growth factor (NGF) is well-known to play a critical role in peripheral nerve regeneration and its local delivery to the injured nerve has been continuously tried to enhance nerve regeneration. However, its application has limitations like repeated administration due to short half life of 30 minutes and an in vivo delivery model must allow for direct and local delivery. The aim of this study was to construct a well-functioning $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus for the ultimate development of improved method to promote peripheral nerve regeneration with enhanced and extended secretion of hNGF from the injured nerve by injecting $rhNGF-{\beta}$ gene directly into crush-injured LN in rat model. Materials and Methods: $hNGF-{\beta}$ gene was prepared from fetal brain cDNA library and cloned into E1/E3 deleted adenoviral vector which contains green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene as a reporter. After large scale production and purification of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, transfection efficiency and its expression at various cells (primary cultured Schwann cells, HEK293 cells, Schwann cell lines, NIH3T3 and CRH cells) were evaluated by fluorescent microscopy, RT-PCR, ELISA, immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, the function of rhNGF-beta, which was secreted from various cells infected with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, was evaluated using neuritogenesis of PC-12 cells. For in vivo evaluation of efficacy of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, the LNs of 8-week old rats were exposed and crush-injured with a small hemostat for 10 seconds. After the injury, $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus($2{\mu}l,\;1.5{\times}10^{11}pfu$) or saline was administered into the crushed site in the experimental (n=24) and the control group (n=24), respectively. Sham operation of another group of rats (n=9) was performed without administration of either saline or adenovirus. The taste recovery and the change of fungiform papilla were studied at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Each of the 6 animals was tested with different solutions (0.1M NaCl, 0.1M sucrose, 0.01M QHCl, or 0.01M HCl) by two-bottle test paradigm and the number of papilla was counted using SEM picture of tongue dorsum. LN was explored at the same interval as taste study and evaluated electro-physiologically (peak voltage and nerve conduction velocity) and histomorphometrically (axon count, myelin thickness). Results: The recombinant adenovirus vector carrying $rhNGF-{\beta}$ was constructed and confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequence analysis. GFP expression was observed in 90% of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells compared with uninfected cells. Total mRNA isolated from $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells showed strong RT-PCR band, however uninfected or LacZ recombinant adenovirus infected cells did not. NGF quantification by ELISA showed a maximal release of $18865.4{\pm}310.9pg/ml$ NGF at the 4th day and stably continued till 14 days by $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cells. PC-12 cells exposed to media with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cell revealed at the same level of neurite-extension as the commercial NGF did. $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus injected experimental groups in comparison to the control group exhibited different taste preference ratio. Salty, sweet and sour taste preference ratio were significantly different after 2 weeks from the beginning of the experiment, which were similar to the sham group, but not to the control group.