• 한국균학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.252-258
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• 1992

Czpaek agar을 이용하여, 동부품종의 콩열매에서, 11속 25종 1품종의 진균과 10% NaCl을 첨가한 배지에서 7속 18종 2품종의 진균을 분리하였다. 이때 분리된 진균의 코로니는 6716/g이였다. Czpaek 배지를 통하여 분리 동정된 균은 대부분이 Aspergillus, Pericillium, Emericella 및 Rhizopus속에 속하는 균들이였다. 위에서 소금에 내성이 강한 균으로 분리 동정된 균들은 A. favus, A. sydowii, A. tomari, A. flavipes, A. niger, A. flavar var. columnaris, A. ochraceus, A. oryzae 및 P. chrysogerism 이였다. 각각의 시료를 사용하여 Aflatoxin $B_1,\;B_2,\;G_1$ 및 $G_2$을 분석한 결과, 잔존된 것을 관찰하였다.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2006

한약재는 생산, 가공, 유통과정에서 적절한 보관. 관리가 이루어지지 않으면 미생물 증식 가능성이 크고 이로 인한 부패나 변질이 우려되며 한약 품질 저하를 가져올 수 있다. 한약재 미생물허용한도에 대한 각 나라별 규격기준을 보면 유렵약국, 도일약국에서는 호기성균의 미생물오염한도(microbial contamination limit)를 10 CFU/g 이하로 규격화하고 있다. 또한 미국약국 NF(US phamacopeia & National Formulary)에서는 생약의 미생물 한도치를 유럽약국과 같은 정도의 규격설정을 하고 있다. 특히 일본의 경우 일본약국방(日本藥局方) 및 국방외생약규격집(局方外生藥規格集)에 의해서 한약의 품질을 유지하고 있고, 미생물학적 품질관리 실태조사가 체계적으로 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 3개 지역에서 각각 1곳의 약업사를 정하여 대상품목 총 30종을 선정하였다. 실험의 재료는 문헌과 자료조사에 의해 미생물에 의한 오염이 용이한 품목 18종, 육진약(六陳藥)에 속하는 6종, 그리고 육미지황환을 구성하는 6종을 구입하여 대한약전 8개정의 미생물한도 시험법에 따라 시험하였다. 한약재에 대한 미생물 오염 실태조사를 통하여 미생물 허용한도를 설정하는데 기초 자료로 제시하고자 한다. 한약재 미생물 오염 실태조사 결과 WHO 미생물한도 기준을 적용하였을 때, 전체적으로 진균의 오염이 높은 경향을 보였고 향후 한약재에 대한 미생물오염도 모니터링을 지속적으로 하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2003

The mycobiota of the sandy soil of Egyptian beaches was investigated in thirty six sand samples collected from nine different localities in Egypt. The filamentous fungi were identified and assigned to thirty one genera and fifty one species. Greater populations as well as a wider spectrum range of fungal genera and species were obtained in sandy soil of Alexandria beach while Balteem beach was the poorest one. The total count of the genus or species was not depended upon cases of isolation. Most of the genera detected belonged to the Deuteromycotina with fewer proportions belonging to the Ascomycotina and Zygomycotina. The genera of highest incidence and their respective numbers of species were: Penicillium(35.72%, 6 species) and Aspergillus(30.28%, 16 species). The species which showed the highest incidence in all cases was P chrysogenum, followed by P citrinum, A. flavus, Chaetomium murorum and Trichoderma viride. A few number of other genera and species were also detected.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.181-190
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• 1990

The growth and biochemical activities of Chlorella fusca were studied in the presence of different concentrations of either filtrates or mycelial mats of Saprolegnia ferax and Pythium graminicola. Low concentrations of both fungal filtrates exerted increase in total count, dry weight and in the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates and nitrogen content. High concentrations showed inhibitory effect on both growth and biochemical activities of Chlorella fusca. Supplementation with different concentrations of dry mycelial mats of either fungi the culture of Chlorella showed elevation in biomass, dry weight, and biosynthesis of carbohydrates and nitrogen content especially at low concentrations. The contents of photosynthetic pigment were inhibited only at low concentrations. Neither the culture filtrate of Pythium nor Saprolegnia had cellulolytic activity, although polygalacturonase enzymes were detected, whereas chloroform-extract of both fungal filtrates showed blue spots under long wave light (366 nm).

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.251-257
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• 2008

Different types of milk products, such as kwacha golla, mawa, cheese, curd, and chocolate are popular in Bangladesh. However, the microbiological safety of these products is poorly understood. This study was performed to assess the microbiological quality of kwacha golla, a local milk product. Kwacha golla samples were collected from ten different areas of Rajshahi and Kushtia regions, and the quality of the each sample was assessed using various parameters including standard plate count, total coliform, fecal coliform, total fungi, and spore-forming bacteria, as well as food-borne microorganisms. Out of 300 samples, total coliform was detected at 56.66% (n= 300), exceeding the minimum allowable limit of 36.66%. Similarly, experiments were carried out with fungi and food-borne pathogens including Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Results revealed 85.33, 53, and 49.33% of the samples were contaminated by fungi, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes, respectively. However, all samples showed no contaminations of Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus sp. Therefore, this study could be helpful to the people of Bangladesh by providing information on the possibility of a major health problem caused by the consumption of kwacha golla.

• Mycobiology
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2004

Fifteen Rhizobium spp. from nodules of 6 common pulses collected from 6 districts of Assam were studied for their infectivity, intrinsic antibiotic resistance, nitrogenase activity and effect of dual inoculation with two native Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi viz. Glomus mosseae(GM) and Gigaspora gilmarie(GG). Out of the 15 isolates 9 were found nodulation positive and 6 of them(AR1, BR8, BR12, AR10, UR10 & GR21) were subjected to intrinsic antibiotic sensitivity test of which AR1 showed resistance against all the 9 test antibiotics. Isolates AR1 and GR21 showed the highest(4.25 mole, $gm^{-1}hour^{-1}$) and the lowest(1.05 mole, $gm^{-1}hour^{-1}$) nitrogenase activity respectively. In Most Probable Number count, the maximum Rhizobium population $5.8{\times}10^5$, was found in both Blackgram and Greengram variety of pulses. The maximum dry weight of nodules(3.14 g), dry weight of shoot(10.08 g), nitrogen content(7.68 mg, $plant^{-1}$), chlorophyll content(1.89 mg, $g^{-1}$), phosphorus content of shoot(6.17 mg, $g^{-1}$) and yield(535.67 kg, $Ha^{-1}$) were found when AR1 dually inoculated with GM in Blackgram.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.61-80
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• 2013

Quantification of viable forms of microbial community (bacteria and fungi) using culture-dependent methods was done in order to characterize the indoor air quality (IAQ). Role of those factors, which may influence the concentration of viable counts of bacteria and fungi, like ventilation, occupancy, outdoor concentration and environmental parameters (temperature and relative humidity) were also determined. Volumetric-infiltration sampling technique was employed to collect air samples both inside and outside the schools. As regard of measurements of airborne viable culturable microflora of schools during one academic year, the level of TVMCs in school buildings was ranged between 803-5368 cfu/$m^3$. Viable counts of bacteria (VBCs) were constituted 63.7% of the mean total viable microbial counts where as viable counts of fungi (VFCs) formed 36.3% of the total. Mean a total viable microbial count (TVMCs) in three schools was 2491 cfu/$m^3$. Outdoor level of TVMCs was varied from 736-5855 cfu/$m^3$. Maximum and minimum VBCs were 3678-286 cfu/m3 respectively. Culturable fungal counts were ranged from 268-2089 cfu/$m^3$ in three schools. Significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) was indicated that indoor concentration of viable community reliant upon outdoor concentration. Temperature seemed to have a large effect (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) on the concentration of viable culturable microbial community rather than relative humidity. Consistent with the analysis and findings, the concentration of viable cultural counts of bacteria and fungi found indoors, were of several orders of magnitude, depending upon the potential of local, spatial and temporal factors, IO ratio appeared as a crucial indicator to identify the source of microbial contaminants.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.343-352
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• 2022

Pig slaughterhouses harbor high humidity because of the necessary cleaning that takes place simultaneously with slaughter, which facilitates the existence of mold. Due to the enclosed space, there are several limitations to the control of mold growth with respect to cleaning, ventilation, and drying. In this study, the prevalence of fungi was investigated in four pig slaughterhouses in Korea. Four fungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium commune, Penicillium oxalicum, and Cladosporium cladosporioides) were detected with the highest frequency. These four strains were subjected to various treatments to reduce their growth. The fungi were inoculated onto stainless steel (SS) chips and treated with ultraviolet (UV)-C irradiation and hot water. Individual treatments with UV-C (15, 30, 90, 150, 300, and 600 mJ/cm²), and hot water (60, 65, 70, and 83℃) were performed to sanitize the SS chips. Simultaneous cleaning with 60℃ hot water and more than 150 mJ/cm² of UV-C reduced the fungal incidence by > 6.5 Log from 6.6-7.0 Log CFU/cm² (initial count). Our results demonstrate that a combined treatment of UV-C and hot water is the most economical and convenient way to prevent microbiological contamination of small tools (such as knives and sharpeners) and steel surfaces in slaughterhouses.

• Mycobiology
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.122-128
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• 2018

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are well-known for their ability to improve plant growth and help plants withstand abiotic stress conditions. Unlike other fungi and bacteria, AMF cannot be stored, as they are obligate biotrophs. Long-term preservation of AMF spores is challenging and may lead to the loss of viability and efficiency. This study aimed to understand the effect of prolonged subculture of AMF species on the growth and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) from red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). AMF spores were mass-produced using different techniques and subcultured in pots with sorghum sudangrass as the host plant for 3 years. Experimental soil samples were collected from natural grassland. Five different AMF inocula were used in triplicate as treatments. After 70 days of growth, red pepper plants were harvested and plant dry weight, plant nutrient content, mycorrhizal colonization, AMF spore count, and soil glomalin content were determined. AMF-treated plants displayed higher dry weight than controls, with only fruit dry weight being significantly different. Similarly, significant differences in phosphorous and potassium contents of the above-ground plant parts were observed between mycorrhizal and control treatments. In addition, soil GRSP content was significantly higher in plants inoculated with Rhizophagus sp. and Gigaspora margarita. The increased plant growth and GRSP content suggest that AMF can be maintained for 3 years without losing their efficiency if subcultured regularly with different symbiotic host plants.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.73-82
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• 1999

사과박의 퇴비화에서 효소활성도가 퇴비의 안정성 혹은 부숙도를 나타내는 지표로서의 사용가능성이 있는지를 검증하기 위해 배양계수법에 의한 미생물군집의 천이와, 무형광상태로 기질에 결합되어있던 형광물질(MUF)이 분해되면서 띠게 되는 형광정도가 해당효소의 활성도에 비례하여 높아지는 것을 이용하여 ${\beta}$-glucosidase와 cellobiohydrolase 활성도를 측정하였다. 탄수화물의 분해에 관여하는 두 효소의 활성도는 시간변화에 따라 점점 낮아졌다. 미생물개체군과 효소활성도간의 상관성은 균류군을 제외하고는 없는 것으로 나타났고 또 균류가 높은 개체수를 나타내는 것으로 보아 균류가 사과박의 퇴비화에 지대한 역할을 담당할 것으로 사료된다.