• 한국균학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.38-50
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• 1993

내생균근 균이 포함된 토양을 이용하여 4종류의 식물인 수수, 돌콩, 차풀 및 참깨를 재배하여, arbucular mycorrhizae의 감염도 및 포자 증식을 조사 하였다. 감염율의 변화는 계속하여 50일까지 증가하고 있는 반면에 포자생성은 30일 이후에 증가율이 감소하는 것이 관찰되었다. 이로써, AM 감염도는 포자생성과 상관관계를 갖지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 다양한 지역의 토양을 포트배양하여 포자의 증식을 조사하였으며, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 다양한 토양을 이용하여 포트배양한 결과 많은 양의 새로운 포자를 얻을 수 있었으며, 82개 토양 중 43개 토양에서 포자의 증식이 관찰되었으며 4속 15종의 포자가 동정되었다. 포트배양한 토양의 pH를 조사한 결과 pH에 따라 포자의 생성이 일정한 경향을 보였으며, 대체로 낮은 pH에서 많은 포자 증식을 관찰하였다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.148-155
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• 1991

한국내에서 재래적인 방법에 의하여, 생산, 시판되고 있는 전통 발효식품인 메주 (12종), 된장 (28종) 및 간장 (28종)을 전국에서 수거하였다. 이들로부터 OA 생성하는 fungi를 분리하였다. 분리된 균으로 다시 Ochratoxin A 생성 유무를 관찰하였으며, 개괄적인 균 동정도 시도하였다. 1. Ochratoxin A를 정량조사(定量調査)한 표준곡선의 작성결과(作成結果), 감도 (Sensitivity)는 20 pg/tube 수준 이었다. 2. 본 실험에서 이용한 OA 의 분석 방법에서 OA 의 회수율(回收率)은 90% 이상 이었다. 3. 각 시료(試料)에서 분리(分離)해낸 222 fungi 중 Ochratoxin A를 생성하는 것은 39 isolates로 나타났으며, 이 중 대부분이 Aspergillus 속, Penicillium 속 그리고 Pae-cilomyces 속 이었다. 4. 전통 발효식품인 메주,된장,간장내의 곰팡이중 Ochratoxin A 생성곰팡이의 생성률은 각각 19.27%, 18.30%, 14.70%으로 나타났으며 0.2g / 2 petridish 이상의 OA 생성률은 20.5% (8/39)로 나타났다. 또한 Ochratoxin A 생성에 대한 몇가지 추론도 함께 하였다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2011

저자들은 한국산 균류의 종다양성 조사를 실시하여 왔으며, 그 중 주름버섯목 의 무명버섯속, 만가닥버섯속, 그늘버섯속, 외대버섯속과 젖버섯속에 속하는 5종 (장미무명버섯, 애만가닥버섯, 흰그늘버섯, 꼬마외대버섯과 치마젖버섯)이 한국미 기록종으로 확인되었다. 미기록종에 대한 미세구조와 특징을 기술하고 한국명을 신칭하여 보고한다. 사용된 모든 표본은 국립농업과학원 식물균류표본보존센타 (HCCN)에 보존되어 있다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.216-221
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• 1994

강원도 평창군 봉평면 흥정산 운두령 일대의 버섯류의 분포상 조사를 1993, 7-9월(月) 사이에 실시하였으며, 동정된 버섯류 중 한국 미기록 속 Melastiza Boudier(종지버섯속:신칭), Neobulgaria(젤리버섯속:신칭) 2속과 한국미기록종 Melastiza chateri (Smith) Boud. (빨간종지버섯:신칭), Psilocybe xeroderma Huijsm(소똥환각버섯:신칭), Gyromitra infula(Schact.:Fr.) Quel.(안장마귀곰보버섯:신칭)과 Galerina vittaeformis (Fr.) Sing. var. vittaformis f. vittaeformis(이끼에밀종버섯:신칭), Neobulgaria pura (Fr.) Sing.(덩이젤리버섯:신칭) 등 5종이 본 조사 지역에서 발견되었다. 이에 대한 한국명을 신칭하였다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.240-254
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• 2017

Cereal grains are the most important food source for humans. As the global population continues to grow exponentially, the need for the enhanced yield and minimal loss of agricultural crops, mainly cereal grains, is increasing. In general, harvested grains are stored for specific time periods to guarantee their continuous supply throughout the year. During storage, economic losses due to reduction in quality and quantity of grains can become very significant. Grain loss is usually the result of its deterioration due to fungal contamination that can occur from preharvest to postharvest stages. The deleterious fungi can be classified based on predominance at different stages of crop growth and harvest that are affected by environmental factors such as water activity ($a_w$) and eco-physiological requirements. These fungi include species such as those belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium that can produce mycotoxins harmful to animals and humans. The grain type and condition, environment, and biological factors can also influence the occurrence and predominance of mycotoxigenic fungi in stored grains. The main environmental factors influencing grain fungi and mycotoxins are temperature and $a_w$. This review discusses the effects of temperature and $a_w$ on fungal growth and mycotoxin production in stored grains. The focus is on the occurrence and optimum and minimum growth requirements for grain fungi and mycotoxin production. The environmental influence on aflatoxin production and hypothesized mechanisms of its molecular suppression in response to environmental changes are also discussed. In addition, the use of controlled or modified atmosphere as an environmentally safe alternative to harmful agricultural chemicals is discussed and recommended future research issues are highlighted.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.543-551
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• 2023

In this study, five endophytic fungi belonging to the Aspergillus and Alternaria genera were isolated from Lagopsis supina. The antimicrobial activity of all fungal fermented extracts against Staphylococcus and Fusarium graminearum was tested using the cup-plate method. Among them, Aspergillus ochraceus XZC-1 showed the best activity and was subsequently selected for large-scale fermentation and bioactivity-directed separation of the secondary metabolites. Four compounds, including 2-methoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (1), 3,5-dihydroxytoluene (2), oleic acid (3), and penicillic acid (4) were discovered. Here, compounds 1 and 4 displayed anti-fungal activity against F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. moniliforme, F. stratum, Botrytis cinerea, Magnaporthe oryzae, and Verticillium dahlia with diverse MIC values (128-512 ㎍/ml), which were close to that of the positive control antifungal, actidione (64-128 ㎍/ml). Additionally, compounds 1 and 4 also exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against S. aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica, with low MIC values (8-64 ㎍/ml). Moreover, compounds 1 and 4 displayed selective cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines as compared with the normal fibroblast cells. Therefore, this study proposes that the endophytic fungi from L. supina can potentially produce bioactive molecules to be used as lead compounds in drugs or agricultural antibiotics.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

전통주인 소곡주 공장의 실내공기에 존재하는 균류상을 조사하기 위하여 앤더슨 공기 포집기를 이용하여 소곡주 공장의 여러 방으로부터 포집된 공기와 이곳에서 주정제조를 위해 사용해온 누룩으로부터 균류를 분리하고 분석하였다. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Gibberella, Cladosporium, Talaromyces 속에 속하는 12가지 균류종이 분리되었다. 이들 중 주요 균류는 Aspergillus와 Penicillium에 속하는 균종이 다수를 차지하였다. 특히 Penicillium 속에 속하는 종으로는 7개의 종이 분리 되었으며 조사된 방마다 각각 서로 다른 종이 분리되었다. 누룩으로부터는 공기 중에서 검출된 Aspergillus 그룹과 동일한 그룹이 검출되었고 동시에 공기중에서는 존재하지 않았던 Rhizopus sp.가 분리되어졌다. 본 연구는 국내에서는 처음으로 전통주 제조 공장의 실내 공기 중에 존재하는 균류상에 대한 보고이다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2008

Mean levels of airborne bacteria, airborne fungi, temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide in total 69 general offices were $426({\pm}83)\;cfu/m^3$, $234({\pm}125)\;cfu/m^3$, $25.9({\pm}1.3)\;^{\circ}C$, $57.7({\pm}8.6)\;%$, $422({\pm}38)\;ppm$, respectively. The I/O ratio of airborne bacteria and fungi was over 1 and there was no significant difference among temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide in total 69 general offices. In construction period, a concentration of airborne bacteria and fungi was significantly highest in general offices constructed under one year and over three years since construction, respectively (p<0.05). The concentration of airborne fungi in general offices located at basement was significantly higher than those located at ground (p<0.05). No significant difference of airborne bacteria and fungi in general offices was found regardless of installation of HVAC system (p>0.05). The dominant bacterial genera identified in general offices was Staphylococcus, followed by Micrococcus, Bacillus, and Corynebacterium while usarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Rhizopus and Mucor were identified as dominant fungal genera in general offices.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.361-365
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• 2011

To evaluate the indoor air quality of food manufacturing plants, the presence of viable bacteria and fungi was assessed in the indoor air of the facilities at which 9 food items were manufactured. Air samples were collected from the general zone, low clean zone and clean zone of each factory with an air sampler, in combination with plate counts agar using for bacteria, and dichloran-glycerol agar for fungi. The samples were incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 4 to 7 days. After culture, the colony forming units (CFU) on each plate were counted and corrected with a positive hole conversion table. The average concentration of bacteria was $2.2{\times}10^3\;CFU/m^3$ in the general zone, $1.2{\times}10^3\;CFU/m^3$ in the low clean zone and $7.3{\times}10^2\;CFU/m^3$ in the clean zone. The average concentration of fungal microbes was $2.5{\times}10^3\;CFU/m^3$ in the general zone, $2.6{\times}10^3\;CFU/m^3$ in the low clean zone, and $2.0{\times}10^2\;CFU/m^3$ in the clean zone. No meaningful differences were detected between the general zone and the low clean zone, but the clean zone had significantly lower concentrations than the other zones. Additionally, the identification of the fungi was performed according to morphological method using a giant culture and slide culture. The fungi were identified as belonging to 18 genera, and the genera Cladosporium(33%), Penicillium(29%) and Aspergillus(26%), predominated. Aspergillus isolates were identified to species level, and A. ochraceus, a mycotoxigenic species, was identified. As part of the effort to control the quality of the indoor air of food manufacturing plants, our results show that continued studies are clearly warranted.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제5권3_4호
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• pp.29-36
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• 1990

Aflatoxins, produced by strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, can be found worldwide in corn, barley, peanuts, and other commodities. Among this group of toxins, aflatoxin B$_1$was realized to be one of the most potent environmental carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens. It is routinely monitored by methods such as thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, fluorodensitometric technique and radioimmunoassay. However, these assays are expensive, necessitate radioactive reagents, and require overnight incubation. In this study, the determination of fungal flora in several sorts cereals has been carried out in order to obtain an appropriate information of the population of fungi. The quantitative analysis of aflatoxin B$_1$has been carried out by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The results were summarized as follow: 1) From the 100 samples,313 colonies of fungi were isolated. Among the 313 colonies, 274 were possible to identify into 11 genera. The identified genera were Aspergillus Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Alternaria, Cladosorium, Fusarium, Circinella, Chrysosporium, Paecilomyces and Phoma. 2) Six of Aspergillus flavus were aflatoxin-producing strains. Aspergillus flavus isolated from sample barleys was contained the highest content (21.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) of aflatoxin B$_1$. 3) The yield of aflatoxin B$_1$-oxime compound was appromately 75%. Aflatoxin B$_1$-oxime-Human serum albumin was approved by formal consent as complete antigen. 4) Direct competitive ELISA permitted detection of 0.15 ng levels. In the quantitative microanalysis, ELISA was superior to HPLC method.