• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is a difference in the brain connectivity in mental practice and physical performance of training bilateral upper extremity function. Method: The subject performed activities involving mental tasks and physical exercise for bilateral upper extremity functioning during each phase of EEG measurements. The subject performed a symmetrical task(lifting a box and placing it back) that involved moving both arms at the same time and an asymmetrical task(opening and closing a bottle cap) in order to perform functional tasks. EEG electrodes were attached to Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, T3, T4, P3, and P4. Data analysis was performed using Cross-Line Mapping for correlational analyses between EEG electrode pairs. Conclusion: This study found that the brain connectivity patterns of symmetrical and asymmetric upper extremity tasks have similar patterns for the motor and sensory area, and that the correlation of the physical practice is generally higher than that of the mental practice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2021

This study was carried out to propose the functional assessment and a wise use strategy on the ecologically valuable 'village wetlands' distributed in living area in Geumsan gun, Chungnam province, Korea. The targets of the functional evaluation were 24 wetlands, selected from 123 village wetlands, where villages and agricultural lands or core ecosystems are located within living area near the wetland and wetlands with historical and cultural significance. The functional evaluation was carried out by RAM (Rapid Assessment Model) and the conservation strategies were suggested. As a result of the functional evaluation, 9 wetlands were rated 'high' (2 'absolute conservation' and 7 'conservation' strategies), 14 wetlands were rated 'medium' ('enhancement' strategies), and one wetland was rated 'low' ('restore or enhancement' strategy). In consideration of the results of the functional evaluation, interviews with village residents, and historic meaning, 6 important village wetlands were selected that require additional management strategies, such as conservation, enhancement, and restoration. 2 wetlands were from "absolute conservation" strategy and 4 wetlands derived from "conservation" and "enhancement" strategy wetlands in consideration of the ecological connectivity of wetlands, the use of surrounding land, and the function as a biological habitat. The wise use and conservation strategy was specifically proposed respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.191-201
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• 2015

Measuring and mapping connectivity among habitats is a key component of sustainable urban planning and design process. In this study, we examined how functional corridors connect forest bird habitats in a metropolitan area of Korea using graph theory-based techniques. High-quality forest habitat was defined as a function of forest cover, presence of residential areas, and road networks. We then constructed a network of high-quality forest habitats using the FunConn (functional connectivity) tools, and computed metrics ($T_i$) of patch importance based on the minimum ($Q_1$) and the 25th percentile ($Q_{25}$) rank least-cost distance values. We investigated the relative influence of two values of patch importance on forest bird species richness. As a result, the patch importance index based on the $Q_{25}$ effective distance threshold was most positively correlated with species richness (P < 0.001) after controlling for the area effect. Thus, using the $Q_{25}$ effective distance threshold, we mapped not only the locations of important habitat patches and functional corridors, but also the network backbone of forest bird habitats. The network developed in this study can help guide urban planning for biodiversity conservation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.292-302
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• 2019

This study conducted a hierarchy analysis based on a questionnaire survey of experts in park management, ecosystem survey, and ecological environment planning to establish evaluation items and a weighing value of each item to develop ecological connectivity in Baekdudaegan mountain range neighboring the Taebaeksan National Park using the AHP approach. We selected four high-level evaluation indexes and 13 low-level evaluation indexes through literature review and interview with the people in the field and calculated weights for each question through the consistency analysis. The analysis showed that increasing the ecological value was the most important item with the index of 0.474 among the high-level evaluation items, followed by the mitigation of human-nature conflict at 0.247, participation by local residents at 0.165, and the economic perspective at 0.114. Among the low-level evaluation indexes, the movement route of wildlife was the highest at 0.116, followed by the connectivity of landscape ecological patch at 0.112, and functional habitat at 0.099. The comparison of the evaluation items in each working group and the weight factors showed that the movement route of wildlife was the most important at 0.116 in ecosystem survey, the functional habitat was the most important at 0.110 in park management, and the regional preservation and distribution of resources was the most important at 0.123 in ecological environment planning. The results of this study is useful to identify evaluation items for developing ecological network with a diverse source of the actual environmental data in the Taebaeksan National Park.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.730-740
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate secondary science teachers' brain activation and functional connectivity during scientific observation on the biological phenomena. Twenty six right-handed healthy science teachers volunteered to be in the present study. To investigate science teachers' brain activities during the tasks, 3.0T fMRI system with block design was used to measure BOLD signals in their brains. The SPM2 software package was applied to analyze the acquired initial image data from the fMRI system. The results have shown that the left inferior frontal gyrus, the bilateral superior parietal lobule, the left inferior parietal lobule, the left precuneus, the left superior occipital gyrus, the right middle occipital gyrus, the right precuneus, the left inferior occipital gyrus and bilateral fusiform gyrus were significantly activated during participants' scientific observation. The network model consisted of eleven nodes (ROIs) and its ten connections. These results suggested the notion that scientific observation needs a connective cooperation among several brain regions associated with observing over just a sensory receiving process.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

Insomnia is a common sleep-related symptom which occurs in many populations, however, the neural mechanism underlying insomnia is not yet known. The hyperarousal model explains the neural mechanism of insomnia to some extent, and the frontal cortex dysfunction has been known to be related to primary insomnia. In this review, we discuss studies that applied resting state and/or task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate the deficits/dysfunctions of functional activation and network in primary insomnia. Empirical evidence of the hyperarousal model and proposed relation between the frontal cortex and other brain regions in primary insomnia are examined. Reviewing these studies could provide critical insights regarding the pathophysiology, brain network and cerebral activation in insomnia and the development of novel methodologies for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2017

Purpose: To describe technical methods for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study with arterial spin labeling (ASL) compared to blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) technique and discuss the potential of ASL for research and clinical practice. Materials and Methods: Task-based (n = 1) and resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) (n = 20) were performed using ASL and BOLD techniques. Results of both techniques were compared. Results: For task-based fMRI with finger-tapping, the primary motor cortex of the contralateral frontal lobe and the ipsilateral cerebellum were activated by both BOLD and ASL fMRI. For rs-fMRI of sensorimotor network, functional connectivity showed similar results between BOLD and ASL. Conclusion: ASL technique has potential application in clinical and research fields because all brain perfusion imaging, CBF measurement, and rs-fMRI study can be performed in a single acquisition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2006.08a
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• pp.153-153
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• 2006

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2011

Objectives : Cerebral laterality is thought to be an important marker for neurodevelopment. Prenatal testosterone could influence both cerebral laterality and 2nd to 4th finger length ratio(2D : 4D). EEG coherence and 2D : 4D were examined to investigate the relationship between prenatal testosterone level and cerebral laterality. Methods : EEG was recorded in 24 healthy subjects in the eyes closed resting state. Differences in 2D : 4D finger ratio were used to discriminate "masculine finger type" and "feminine finger type" groups. The 2D : 4D ratio was lower and greater than one for the "masculine finger type" group and "feminine finger type" group, respectively. We used coherence analysis to estimate the cortical functional connectivity. Results : There were statistically meaningful relationships among cerebral functional connectivity, sex and finger ratio. Man and masculine finger type group showed higher intra-hemispheric coherence than those of woman and feminine finger type group. Woman and feminine finger type group showed higher inter-hemispheric coherence than those of man and masculine finger type group. Conclusions : These results imply that prenatal testosterone might act as important determinants of cerebral laterality. Further examination of the relationship between 2D : 4D and EEG coherence in schizophrenia could give some clues for the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia genesis.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2016

The brain and muscles both of which are composed of top-down structure occur the connectivity with the change of Electroencephalogram(EEG) and Electromyogram(EMG). In this paper, we studied the difference of functional connectivity between brain and muscles that by applying coherence method to EEG and EMG signals when users exercised upper limb with and without the movement intention. The changes in the EEG and EMG signals were inspected using coherence method. During the upper limb exercise, the mu (8~14 Hz) and beta (15~30 Hz) rhythms of the EEG signal at the motor cortex area are activated. And then the beta and piper (30~60 Hz) rhythms of the EMG signal are activated as well. The result of coherence analysis between EEG and EMG showed the coefficient of active exercise including movement intention is significantly higher than passive exercise. The coherence relations between cognitive response and muscle movement could interpret that the connectivity between the brain and muscle appear during active exercise with movement intention. The feature of coherence between brain and muscles by the status of movement intention will be useful in designing the rehabilitation system requiring feedback depending on the users' movement intention status.