• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.13 no.2 s.20
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• pp.47-52
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• 2007

In Oriental medicine, the status of tongue is the important indicator to diagnose one's health, because it represents physiological and clinicopathological changes of inner parts of the body. The method of tongue diagnosis is not only convenient but also non-invasive, therefore, tongue diagnosis is one of the most widely used in Oriental medicine. But tongue diagnosis is affected by examination circumstances a lot. It depends on a light source, degrees of an angle, doctor's condition and so on. So it is not easy to make an objective and standardized tongue diagnosis. As part of way to solve this problem, in this study, we tried to design a discriminant function for white and yellow coating with multi-dimensional color vectors. There were 62 subjects involved in this study, among them 48 subjects diagnosed as white-coated tongue and 14 subjects diagnosed as yellow-coated tongue by oriental doctors. And their tongue images were acquired by a well-made Digital Tongue Diagnosis System. From those acquired tongue images, each coating section were extracted by oriental doctors, and then mean values of multi -dimensional color vectors in each coating section were calculated. By statistical analysis, two significant vectors, R in RGB space and H in HSV space, were found that they were able to describe the difference between white coating section and yellow coating section very well. Using these two values, we designed the discriminant function for coating classification and examined how good it works. As a result, the overall accuracy of coating classification was 98.4%. We can expect that the discriminant function for other coatings can be obtained in a similar way. Furthermore, if an automated segmentation algorithm of tongue coating is combined with these discriminant functions, an automated tongue coating diagnosis can be accomplished.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.119-124
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• 2007

Introduction: In Oriental medicine, the status of tongue is the important indicator to diagnose one's health, because it represents physiological and clinicopathological changes of inner parts of the body. The method of tongue diagnosis is not only convenient but also non-invasive, so tongue diagnosis is most widely used in Oriental medicine. By the way, since tongue diagnosis is affected by examination circumstances a lot, its performance depends on a light source, degrees of an angle, a medical doctor's condition etc. Therefore, it is not easy to make an objective and standardized tongue diagnosis. In order to solve this problem, in this study, we tried to design a discriminant function for thick and thin coating with color vectors of preprocessed image. Method: 52 subjects, who were diagnosed as white-coated tongue, were involved. Among them, 45 subjects diagnosed as thin coating and 7 subjects diagnosed as thick coating by oriental medical doctors, and then their tongue images were obtained from a digital tongue diagnosis system. Using those acquired tongue images, we implemented two steps: Preprocessing and image analyzing. The preprocessing part of this method includes histogram equalization and histogram stretching at each color component, especially, intensity and saturation. It makes the difference between tongue substance and tongue coating was more visible, so that we can separate tongue coating easily. Next part, we analyzed the characteristic of color values and found the threshold to divide tongue area into coating area. Then, from tongue coating image, it is possible to extract the variables that were important to classify thick and thin coating. Result : By statistical analysis, two significant vectors, associated with G, were found, which were able to describe the difference between thick and thin coating very well. Using these two variables, we designed the discriminant function for coating classification and examined its performance. As a result, the overall accuracy of thick and thin coating classification was 92.3%. Discussion : From the result, we can expect that the discriminant function is applicable to other coatings in a similar way. Also, it can be used to make an objective and standardized diagnosis.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.930-939
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• 2000

This study was done to provide the fundamental data for scientific and rational children's clothing sizing system by investigating their somatometric characteristics and classifying somatotypes. The subjects were 269 elementary schoolgirls aged from 7 to 8 years old living in Pusan and Kyungsangnam-do. Data from each girl comprises 28 anthropometic measurments and 4 photographic measurments, related to the lower half of body. To analyze somatotypes of the lower half of body, factor analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis were performed for statistical analysis of the data. As to the analysis to draw somatometric factors by this age group, five factors which explain 76.85% of the whole variances were extracted. The first and second factors which explain more than 60% of the whole variances represent 'horizontal size'and 'vertical size', which characterize most aspects of the body shape of the subjects. On the basis of the cluster analysis, three different lower half of body types were categorized. Type Ⅰ has biggest horizontal size, average vertical size and most protruded belly. Type Ⅱ has average degree of horizontal size, quite big vertical size and most protruded hips. Type Ⅲ has smallest horizontal and vertical size. According to the analysis to discriminate somatotypes of the lower half of body of this age group, weight and waist circumference of discriminant function 1 and abdominal circumference of discriminant function 2 have coefficient values.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2012

The relationship between product quality/function and customer satisfaction has been considered an important point for the new product development. The seminal paper by Kano was the first to thoroughly address the non-linear relationship between product performance/function and customer satisfaction. In the analysis framework of the original Kano model, five factors are assumed, among which indifference factor occupies 40% in the classification scheme. When we analyze survey response using Kano model, many quality attributes can be resulted in indifference factor. This implies that some attributes which are meaningful tend to be classified as indifferent attributes for the customer satisfaction. In order to tackle this problem, a modified Kano model is proposed by reducing the indifference factor. The modified Kano model can be robust for the survey response. A survey is performed for the quality attributes of the smart phone. The response is analyzed and compared based on the original and modified Kano model. The surveyed quality characteristics of the smart phone are performance related attributes, application programs, functional attributes and subjective emotional quality attributes. Many quality attributes classified as indifference factor in the original model are classified as attractive, must-be, and expected factors, respectively.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.63-70
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• 2016

Background: The Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) and the Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) scale were used to assess balance function in patients with balance problem. These multidimensional clinical balance scales provide information about potential risk factors for falls. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the predictive properties of the PBS and FAB scales relative to fall risk in children with cerebral palsy (CP) using a receiver operating characteristic analysis. Methods: In total, 49 children with CP (boy=21, girl=28) who were diagnosed with level 1 or 2 according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System participated in this study. The PBS and FAB were performed, and verified cut-off score, sensitivity, specificity, and the area of under the curve (AUC). Results: In this study, the PBS scale was as a predictive measure of fall risk, but the FAB was not significant in children with CP. A cut-off score of 45.5 points provided optimal sensitivity of .90 and specificity of .69 on the PBS, and a cut-off score of 21.5 points provided optimal sensitivity of .90 and specificity of .62 on the FAB. Both scales showed moderately accurate of AUC with .79 and .76, respectively. Conclusion: The PBS is a useful screening tool for predicting fall risk in children with cerebral palsy, and those who score 45.5 or lower indicate a high risk for falls and are in need of balance intervention.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.115-121
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate applicability of the GMFM-88 in planning intervention for CP children. Specifically, this study assessed functional improvement after a four-week GMFM-88 item-based training in CP children divided into three age groups (${\leq}24$ months, 25-48 months, and >48 months) and five levels of the gross motor function classification system (GMFCS). Methods: Subjects were 264 children with CP (mean age 32.90 months) recruited from one CP clinic. The GMFM-88 item-based training was planned for each child, after an interview with its caregiver. To investigate functional improvement after the intervention, minimum important difference (MID) and MID proportion for the change in scores of GMFM-88 were calculated. Results: The GMFM-88 scores increased after the interventions in all three age groups (p<0.05). In particular, children with CP aged ${\leq}24$ months and at the GMFCS level II showed greater functional improvement after training. Conclusion: This study found that the GMFM-88 item-based training would be used to plan activity-oriented intervention both in clinic and home in each CP child.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.40-47
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• 2010

The purposes of this study were to compare the reliability and validity of an 88-item version of the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88) and a 66-item version of GMFM (GMFM-66) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The GMFM was completed in 154 children with CP (age range = 6~12). The internal consistency of the GMFM was calculated by Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ for judging reliability. The reliability of GMFM-88 and GMFM-66 were both above .99. The validity of measurement obtained by the GMFM was assessed by examining the unidimensionality of items and by comparing Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels with tests of the GMFM. Both the GMFM-88 and GMFM-66 were satisfied with unidimensionality. Discriminant validity was demonstrated on significant decreases in scores with increasing GMFCS levels in both measurements. However, GMFM-66 was a more sensitive discriminant in GMFCS level 1 and level 2 and in level 2 and level 4. This study reported a comparison of the reliability and validity of GMFM-88 and GMFM-66. The results of this study have implications for the information on the psychometric properties of two versions of GMFCS. This information will be useful for the selection of tools in clinics.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.111-120
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• 2017

In this paper, we propose novel feature extraction algorithm for classification of seabed sediment. In previous researches, acoustic reflection coefficient has been used to classify seabed sediments, which is constant in terms of frequency. However, attenuation of seabed sediment is a function of frequency and is highly influenced by sediment types in general. Hence, we developed a feature vector by using attenuation variation with respect to frequency. The attenuation variation is obtained by using reflected signal from the second sediment layer, which is generated by broadband chirp. The proposed feature vector has advantage in number of dimensions to classify the seabed sediment over the classical scalar feature (reflection coefficient). To compare the proposed feature with the classical scalar feature, dimension of proposed feature vector is reduced by using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Synthesised acoustic amplitudes reflected by seabed sediments are generated by using Biot model and the performance of proposed feature is evaluated by using Fisher scoring and classification accuracy computed by maximum likelihood decision (MLD). As a result, the proposed feature shows higher discrimination performance and more robustness against measurement errors than that of classical feature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2018

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to find out the treatment patterns of Children with cerebral palsy, and to analyze the effect of physical function level and treatment intensity on improvement of physical function in children with cerebral palsy for six months. METHODS: Participants were 126 children (boys 83, girls 43) diagnosed cerebral palsy that the mean age was at 33months, ranged from 8 months to 77 months. We collected data related on demography and disable characteristic, treatment pattern using by questionnaire constructed ourselves for six months on caregivers. The treatment pattern includes, type, frequency, and institute of treatment. We performed the evaluation of Gross Motor Function Measurement (GMFM) and Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) between pre and post for six months in order to find out improvement of physical function. We analyzed the effect of physical functional level measured by Gross Motor Functional Classification system, age, treatment intensity on physical function using by repeated measures ANOVA for SPSS PC ver. 22.0. RESULTS: The average of treatment frequency for physical therapy was 5.74 times per week, occupational therapy was 3.96 times, speech therapy was 2.96 times, treatment for accompanying disability was 3.12 times. Physical function level and age was significantly factors affecting improvement of physical function, there was no significant difference according to treatment intensity. CONCLUSION: We suggest that physical function and age might be important factors on improvement of physical function and professional rehabilitation team must consider the appropriate treatment type customized to each children.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2004

The objective of our research was an international comparison focusing on studies conducted on parks and green spaces undertaken in Japan and Korea. We also aim to clarify the similarities and differences between the two countries and consider the key features of the researches on the field of landscape architecture. We compared the recent trends of Japanese institute with Korean observed in the theme of research papers adopt title of them. The research period spanned approximately twenty years, from 1980 to 2003. We employed the Table of Contents information search system to research academic journal articles and to select the journals that included articles with the key words [park(s)] or [green space(s)] in their title. We chronologically arranged the journals for each country, based on the total number of journals and classification categories. We then conducted a comparative examination among the two countries. We also contributed information on the circumstances behind the formulation or amendment of some policies and laws and we checked the results against the research trend. Among the selected journals, the number of papers was the highest by the Institute of Landscape Architecture. But the reason for increase of the number of papers on green spaces in Japanese journals was not published by the Institute of Landscape Architecture but by the City Planning Institute and the Architecture Institute. In Japan, the papers on parks categorized under historical study were the highest among all categories. On the other hand, in Korean journals, papers on parks categorized under historical study were few. A similar trend was recognized in papers on green spaces. Every society is concerned with the study of function and effect. However, some exact differences have been observed by category classification. In Japan, the percentage of function and effect papers on parks was less than those on green spaces. In Korea, both percentages for these groups were high. The category of system and policy accounted for $17\%$ of the papers on green spaces in Korea. This result was higher than the number of papers on green spaces and parks in Japan and parks in Korea. Recently, the number of papers focusing on large-scale green space system has decreased in Japan. The trend in the study of parks and green spaces on a regional scale or at an individual level will be closely monitored. Systems and modeling studies have been focusing in Korea. The understanding between the administration and the citizens was peculiar to each country.