• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.407-415
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• 2015

A developing post-dryout region is characterized by significant heat transfer enhancements compared with the fully developed post-dryout region. The heat transfer enhancements are mainly due to upstream disturbance and entrained droplets in the region immediately downstream of the critical heat flux location. In this paper, an improved heat transfer correlation is developed for the developing post-dryout regions in vertical tubes over a wide range of flow conditions. The correlation represents a correction factor for the fully developed film-boiling look-up table to be applied to the developing post-dryout region. The new correlation significantly improves the heat transfer prediction in the developing post-dryout regions and provides very good agreement with the experimental data.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.37-43
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• 2014

In this paper, hydraulic & thermal developing and fully developed laminar forced convection flow of a water-$Al_2O_3$ nanofluid in a circular horizontal tube with uniform heat flux at the wall, are investigated numerically. A single phase model employed with temperature independent properties. The thermal entrance length is presented in this paper. The variations of the convective heat transfer coefficient and shear stress are shown in the entrance region and fully developed region along different nanoparticles concentration and Reynolds numbers. Convective heat transfer coefficient for nanofluids is larger than that of the base fluid. It is shown that heat transfer is enhanced and shear stress is increased as the particle volume concentration increases. The heat transfer improves, as Reynolds number increases.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1378-1386
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• 2002

In the present study, velocity profile and wall shear stress distributions of developing turbulent oscillatory flows in an oscillator connected to straight duct located in exit region of a curved duct was investigated experimentally. The experimental study for air flows was conducted to measure axial velocity profiles, shear stress distributions by using the Laser Doppler Velocimetry(LDV) system with the data acquisition and processing system of Rotating Machinery Resolver(R.M.R) and PHASE software. The results obtained from experimental studies are summarized as follows. The critical Reynolds number for a change from transitional oscillatory flow to turbulent flow was about 7500, in the 60region of dimensionless axial position which was considered as a fully developed flow region. The turbulent oscillatory flow, velocity profiles of the inflow period in the entrance region were gradually developed, but those of the outflow period were not changed nearly. Velocity profiles of inflow and outflow were shown as a symmetric form in a fully developed flow region. The wall shear stress distributions of turbulent oscillatory flow increase rapidly as the flow proceeds to downstream and flow was in good agreement with the theoretically.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 1993

The flow characteristics of developing turbulent pulsating flows are investigated experimentally in the entrance region of a square duct ($40mm{\times}40mm$ and 4,000mm). Mean velocity profiles, turbulence intensity and entrance length are measured by using a hot-wire anemometer system together with data acquisition and processing systems. It is found that the velocity waveforms are not changed in the fully developed flow region where that $x/Dh{\geq}40$. For turbulent pulsating flow, the turbulent components in the velocity waveforms increase as the dimensionless transverse position approaches the wall. Mean velocity profiles of the turbulent steady flows follow the one-seventh power law profile in the fully developed flow region. Turbulence intensity increases as the dimensionless transverse position increases from the center to the wall of the duct, and is slightly smaller in the accelerating phase than in the decelerating phase for the turbulent pulsating flows. The entrance length of the turbulent pulsating flow is about 40 times as large as the hydraulic diameter under the present experimental conditions.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.301-312
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• 1983

Experimental results for the variation of the flow characteristics and heat transfer coefficients in the entrance region of concentric annular pipe with artificial roughness are compared with the theoretical results by numerical analysis. In the experiments, velocity profiles, pressure gradients and heat transfer coefficients were measured with variation of the Reynolds number for the constant ratio of pitch to height at the hydrodynamic entry region. Wall temperature of inner heated pipe with constant heat flux was measured at thermal entry region after the hydrodynamically fully developed region of flow. Experimental data agree well with numerical predictions. Both results show that turbulent flow of annular pipe with artificial roughness is fully developed thermally much faster than that of smooth pipe. Nusselt number of annular pipe with roughness is much higher than that of smooth pipe. However the ratios of Nusselt number of annular pipe with artificial roughness to that of smooth pipe does not vary with Reynolds number.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1940-1949
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• 1995

A numerical study for a two dimensional multi-jet with crossflow of the spent fluid has been carried out. Three different distributions of mass-flow rate at 5 jet exits were assumed to see their effects upon the flow characteristics, especially in the jet-flow region. For each distribution, various Reynolds numbers ranging from laminar to turbulent flows were considered. Results show that a fully developed laminar flow exists above a certain Reynolds number whose exact value depends upon the mass flow rate distribution. AS the Reynolds number increases, the flow becomes transitional from downstream and finally a fully developed turbulent flow forms in the jet-flow region. The critical Reynolds number where the fully developed turbulent flow forms is quite dependent upon the distribution of mass-flow rate. One interesting result is that the distribution of the skin friction coefficient along the inpingement plate in the jet-flow region shows a consistent dependency on the Reynolds number, i.e. inversely proportional to the square root of the Reynolds number, regardless of flow regime.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.521-524
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• 2002

In the present study, kinetic energy of laminar steady flow in the exit region connected to the square-sectional $180^{\circ}$curved duct was investigated experimentally. The experimental study for air flows was conducted to measure kinetic energy distributions by using the Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) system with the data acquisition and processing system of Cactus 2000 software. The results obtained from experimental studies are summarized as follows : (1) The critical Reynolds number for a change from laminar steady flow to transitional steadt flow was about 1910, in the 50 region of dimensionless axial position (x/Dh) whirh was considered as a fully developed flow region. (2) Maximum kinetic energy of laminar steady flow was gradually increased as the Reynolds number increased.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.2751-2761
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• 1994

A numerical investigation on the three-dimensional laminar natural convection heat transfer in the periodically fully developed PCB channel has been performed. When heat generating blocks mounted on the adiabatic wall make a channel with their facing shrouding wall, the flow inside the channel becomes periodically fully developed. A single module in the periodically fully developed region is chosen for computational domain in order to save computer storage and computational time. The periodic boundary condition is applied in the anlaysis. The effects of the parameters such as the Rayleigh number, the number of the modules, and the height of channel are examined to obtain the optimum condition for the enhancement of the cooling effectiveness. The result shows that the cooling effect is improved with increasing Rayleigh number and channel height, and decreasing the number of the module. The result also indicates that increasing the height of the channel and number of the module is recommended for a limited space.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2012

The present study focuses on the case of developing flow with in a channel containing a long array of sinusoidal waves (2a/${\lambda}$=0.1, ${\lambda}$=h, ${\lambda}$ is the wavelength, 2a is the wave height, h is the mean channel depth) at the bottom wall. The Reynolds number defined with channel height, h and the mean velocity, U, is Re=6,700. The channel is sufficiently long such that transition is completed and the flow is fully developed over the downstream half of the channel. For the case of an incoming steady flow with no resolved turbulence, the instantaneous flow fields in the transition region are characterized by the formation of arrays of highly-organized large-scale hairpin vortices whose dimensions scale with that of the roughness elements. The paper explains the mechanism for the formation of these arrays of hairpin vortices and shows these eddies play the primary role in the formation of the large-scale streaks of high and low velocity over the wavy wall region. The presence of resolved turbulence in the incoming flow, reduces the streamwise distance needed for the streaks to develop over the wavy region, but does not affect qualitatively the transition process. In the fully-developed region, isolated and trains of large-scale hairpins play an important role in the dynamics of the streaks over the wavy wall.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.58-67
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• 1996

In the present study, the pressure distribution, wall shear stress distribution and friction factor of developing turbulent pulsating flows are investigated theoretically and experimentally in the entrance region of a square duct. The pressure distribution for turbulent pulsating flows are in good agreement with the theoretical values. The time-averaged pressure gradients of the turbulent pulsating flows show the same tendency as those of turbulent steady flows as the time-averged Reynolds number $(Re_{ta})$ increase. Mean shear stresses in the turbulent pulsating flow increase more in the inlet flow region than in the fully developed flow region and approach to almost constant value in the fully developed flow region. In the turbulent pulsating flow, the friction factor of the quasi-steady state flow $({\lambda}_{q, tu})$ follow friction factor's law in turbulent steady flow. The entrance length of the turbulent pulsating flow is not influenced by the time-averaged Reynolds number $(Re_{ta})$ and it is about 40 times as large as the hydraulic diameter.